Social Development During Periods Of Structural Adjustment In Latin America
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Social Development During Periods Of Structural Adjustment In Latin America
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Author : Rolph van der Hoeven
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
Social Development During Periods Of Structural Adjustment In Latin America written by Rolph van der Hoeven and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Economic stabilization categories.
Adjustment And Social Development In Latin America During The 1980s
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Author : Monika Queisser
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
Adjustment And Social Development In Latin America During The 1980s written by Monika Queisser and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Business & Economics categories.
"Detailed examination of impact of recent stabilization and adjustment policies on health, education, and social security in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay. Good source of data. Highly competent work"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 57.
Structural Reforms Productivity And Technological Change In Latin America
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Author : Jorge M. Katz
language : en
Publisher: United Nations Publications
Release Date : 2001
Structural Reforms Productivity And Technological Change In Latin America written by Jorge M. Katz and has been published by United Nations Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with Business & Economics categories.
In the last ten to fifteen years, profound structural reforms have moved Latin America and the Caribbean from closed, state-dominated economies to ones that are more market-oriented and open. Policymakers expected that these changes would speed up growth. This book is part of a multi-year project to determine whether these expectation have been fulfilled. Focusing on technological change, the impact of the reforms on the process of innovation is examined. It notes that the development process is proving to be highly heterogenous across industries, regions and firms and can be described as strongly inequitable. This differentiation that has emerged has implications for job creation, trade balance, and the role of small and medium sized firms. This ultimately suggests, amongst other things, the need for policies to better spread the use of new technologies.
Politics Social Change And Economic Restructuring In Latin America
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Author : William C. Smith
language : en
Publisher: University of Miami, North/South Center Press
Release Date : 1997
Politics Social Change And Economic Restructuring In Latin America written by William C. Smith and has been published by University of Miami, North/South Center Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Business & Economics categories.
While regime transition and market-oriented reforms in Latin America have been the subjects of considerable academic research, most scholars have paid relatively little attention to the social impacts of economic restructuring. In contrast, this book contributes a systematic analysis of the impact of economic liberalism on Latin America's social and political life. The authors offer innovative theoretical and comparative explorations of changes in the social structure, as well as evolving patterns of social and political organization, including social movements, political parties, labor unions, and non-governmental organizations. This volume is an invaluable resource for all those concerned with the far-reaching consequences of economic and political transformation in Latin America.
The Political Economy Of Pension Reform
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Author : Evelyne Huber
language : en
Publisher: Conran Octopus
Release Date : 2000
The Political Economy Of Pension Reform written by Evelyne Huber and has been published by Conran Octopus this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with Latin America categories.
Since pension schemes-along with health care and education-absorb the largest amount of social expenditure in all countries, their reform has a potentially major impact both on the fiscal situation of the state and on the life chances of citizens who stand to win or lose from new arrangements. This makes pension reform a highly controversial issue; and, except for the addition of new programmes and benefits, major restructuring of existing pension systems has been extremely rare in advanced industrial democracies. It was also rare in Latin America before the 1980s and 1990s. But there has been a great deal of experimentation within the region during the past decade. This paper examines the larger economic, social and political context of Latin American pension reform and compares experiences in different countries of the region with options available in Western European societies during the same period. The authors argue that the type of pension reform undertaken in Latin America has been an integral part of the structural adjustment programmes pursued by Latin American governments, under the guidance of international financial institutions (IFIs). Although there was a range of possible remedies to the problems of pension systems in different Latin American countries, neo-liberal reformers and the international financial institutions preferred privatization over all others. They claimed that privatization would be superior to other kinds of reform in ensuring the financial viability of pension systems, making them more efficient, establishing a closer link between contributions and benefits and promoting the development of capital markets-thus increasing savings and investment. And they were able to push through some of their suggestions for reform in spite of considerable opposition from pensioners, trade unions and opposition political parties. Interestingly enough, their pressure proved least effective in the more democratic countries of the region. In Costa Rica, for example, citizens preferred to reform the public system-eliminating the last pockets of privilege for public sector workers and ensuring that new levels of contribution would be adequate to provide minimum benefits for the aged and infirm. In Uruguay, citizens forced a public referendum, through which they rejected a proposal for privatization. At a later stage, they did permit the introduction of private investment accounts, but not at the cost of eliminating the public programme. In Argentina and Peru, after the legislature refused to authorize partial privatization, this was eventually pushed through by presidential decree. Only in Chile and Mexico has there been a complete shift to private pension funds-but, in both cases, influential sectors of the elite, including the military, have been allowed to keep their previous, publicly managed group funds. Looking at the only privatized pension system in existence long enough to allow for some assessment of its consequences-that of Chile-the authors find that many of the claims made by supporters of privatization are not substantiated by the evidence. The first discrepancy between neo-liberal predictions and the reality of Chilean pension reform has to do with efficiency. All previous claims to the contrary, private individual accounts have proven more expensive to manage than collective claims. In fact, according to the Inter-American Development Bank, by the mid-1990s administration of the Chilean system was the most expensive in Latin America. The second disproved claim involves yield. When administrative costs are discounted, privately held and administered pension funds in Chile show an average annual real return of 5.1 per cent between 1982 and 1998. Furthermore high fees and commissions-charged at a flat rate on all accounts-have proven highly regressive. When levied against a relatively modest retirement account, for example, these standard fees reduced the amount available to the account holder by approximately 18 per cent. When applied to the deposit of an individual investing 10 times more, the reduction was slightly less than 1 per cent. The third discrepancy involves competition. Although it was assumed that efficiency within the private pension fund industry would be associated with renewed competitiveness-while the public pension system represented monopoly-the private sector has in fact become highly concentrated. The three largest pension fund administrators in Chile handle 70 per cent of the insured. And to reduce advertising costs, public regulators are limiting the number of transfers among companies that any individual can make. A fourth unfulfilled promise of privatization in Chile has to do with expansion of coverage. It was assumed that the existence of private accounts would increase incentives for people to take part in the pension sc heme, but in fact this has not happened. Coverage and compliance rates have remained virtually constant. A fifth major claim was that the conversion of the public pension system into privately held and administered accounts would strengthen capital markets, savings and investment. But a number of studies have recently concluded that, at best, this effect has been marginal. And finally, the dimension of gender equity within a fully privatized pension scheme is being subjected to increasing scrutiny. Women typically earn less money and work fewer years than men. Therefore, since pension benefits in private systems are strictly determined by the overall amount of money contributed to them, women are likely to receive considerably lower benefits. Public pension systems, in contrast, have the possibility of introducing credits for childcare that reduce this disadvantage. Sweden is an example of countries that have embarked on this course. In the latter part of the paper, Huber and Stephens widen their comparative framework to include recent pension reforms in advanced industrial countries. There, where economic crisis was not as severe and where pressure from international financial institutions was not significant, much broader options for reform were available. In fact, although long-established systems were under stress, no developed country opted for complete privatization. Complex measures were taken to strengthen the funding base of national pension systems, including changes in investment procedures and changes in rules for calculating pension benefits. Reforms also increased retirement age, as well as the number of years required to qualify for a full pension. But even the most thoroughgoing reforms retained a central role for public schemes in ensuring old-age benefits. In conclusion, the authors consider steps that can be taken to craft pension reforms with more desirable results than those obtained to date in Latin America. They recommend measures that address the problem of an aging population by increasing the ability of each generation to pay for its own pensions-rather than relying primarily on the contributions of preceding generations of insured workers. Pension payments should be invested in a variety of financial instruments and benefits must ultimately be related to the yields obtained. Such a strategy does not require introduction of privately managed, individually held, investment funds. On the contrary, risk is lessened by relying instead on collectively managed funds, in which accounts can either be identified with individuals or-more equitably-with generations of contributors. Reformed public pension systems should also contain minimum "citizenship pensions" that guarantee subsistence income in old age to all individuals as a matter of right. Such a measure, financed from general tax revenue rather than from personal contributions, is not beyond the means of medium income countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. In fact, some Nordic countries introduced citizenship pensions when their GNP per capita was lower than that of most Latin American countries today.
Structural Adjustment And The Agricultural Sector In Latin America And The Caribbean
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Author : John Weeks
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-01-03
Structural Adjustment And The Agricultural Sector In Latin America And The Caribbean written by John Weeks and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-01-03 with Business & Economics categories.
As a result of the regional debt crisis, most governments of Latin America in the 1980s entered into a process of profound policy change, from an import substitution oriented strategy to a focus upon export-promotion, with an emphasis upon market liberalisation. According to mainstream economic theory, the effect of this shift would be to favour agriculture. This book, with contributors from Latin America and Europe, surveys the results on agriculture of a decade of policy change, and to produce new and unexpected insights.
Changing Social Security In Latin America
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Author : Carmelo Mesa-Lago
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Changing Social Security In Latin America written by Carmelo Mesa-Lago and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Social security categories.
The Imf And The South
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Author : Dharam P. Ghai
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1991
The Imf And The South written by Dharam P. Ghai and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Business & Economics categories.
Our Continent Our Future
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Author : P. Thandika Mkandawire
language : en
Publisher: IDRC
Release Date : 2014-05-14
Our Continent Our Future written by P. Thandika Mkandawire and has been published by IDRC this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-05-14 with Political Science categories.
Our Continent, Our Future presents the emerging African perspective on this complex issue. The authors use as background their own extensive experience and a collection of 30 individual studies, 25 of which were from African economists, to summarize this African perspective and articulate a path for the future. They underscore the need to be sensitive to each country's unique history and current condition. They argue for a broader policy agenda and for a much more active role for the state within what is largely a market economy. Finally, they stress that Africa must, and can, compete in an increasingly globalized world and, perhaps most importantly, that Africans must assume the leading role in defining the continent's development agenda.
Silent Revolution
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Author : Duncan Green
language : en
Publisher: NYU Press
Release Date : 2003-04
Silent Revolution written by Duncan Green and has been published by NYU Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-04 with Business & Economics categories.
'Silent Revolution' includes new or amplified discussions of capital markets and the role they play in the increasing depth and frequency of financial crisis in Latin America.