Social Inductive Biases For Reinforcement Learning
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Social Inductive Biases For Reinforcement Learning
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Author : Adjodlah, Dhaval Dhamnidhi Kumar Adjodah
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Social Inductive Biases For Reinforcement Learning written by Adjodlah, Dhaval Dhamnidhi Kumar Adjodah and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
How can we build machines that collaborate and learn more seamlessly with humans, and with each other? How do we create fairer societies? How do we minimize the impact of information manipulation campaigns, and fight back? How do we build machine learning algorithms that are more sample efficient when learning from each other's sparse data, and under time constraints? At the root of these questions is a simple one: how do agents, human or machines, learn from each other, and can we improve it and apply it to new domains? The cognitive and social sciences have provided innumerable insights into how people learn from data using both passive observation and experimental intervention. Similarly, the statistics and machine learning communities have formalized learning as a rigorous and testable computational process. There is a growing movement to apply insights from the cognitive and social sciences to improving machine learning, as well as opportunities to use machine learning as a sandbox to test, simulate and expand ideas from the cognitive and social sciences. A less researched and fertile part of this intersection is the modeling of social learning: past work has been more focused on how agents can learn from the 'environment', and there is less work that borrows from both communities to look into how agents learn from each other. This thesis presents novel contributions into the nature and usefulness of social learning as an inductive bias for reinforced learning. I start by presenting the results from two large-scale online human experiments: first, I observe Dunbar cognitive limits that shape and limit social learning in two different social trading platforms, with the additional contribution that synthetic financial bots that transcend human limitations can obtain higher profits even when using naive trading strategies. Second, I devise a novel online experiment to observe how people, at the individual level, update their belief of future financial asset prices (e.g. S&P 500 and Oil prices) from social information. I model such social learning using Bayesian models of cognition, and observe that people make strong distributional assumptions on the social data they observe (e.g. assuming that the likelihood data is unimodal). I were fortunate to collect one round of predictions during the Brexit market instability, and find that social learning leads to higher performance than when learning from the underlying price history (the environment) during such volatile times. Having observed the cognitive limits and biases people exhibit when learning from other agents, I present an motivational example of the strength of inductive biases in reinforcement learning: I implement a learning model with a relational inductive bias that pre-processes the environment state into a set of relationships between entities in the world. I observe strong improvements in performance and sample efficiency, and even observe the learned relationships to be strongly interpretable. Finally, given that most modern deep reinforcement learning algorithms are distributed (in that they have separate learning agents), I investigate the hypothesis that viewing deep reinforcement learning as a social learning distributed search problem could lead to strong improvements. I do so by creating a fully decentralized, sparsely-communicating and scalable learning algorithm, and observe strong learning improvements with lower communication bandwidth usage (between learning agents) when using communication topologies that naturally evolved due to social learning in humans. Additionally, I provide a theoretical upper bound (that agrees with our empirical results) regarding which communication topologies lead to the largest learning performance improvement. Given a future increasingly filled with decentralized autonomous machine learning systems that interact with humans, there is an increasing need to understand social learning to build resilient, scalable and effective learning systems, and this thesis provides insights into how to build such systems.
Inductive Biases And Generalisation For Deep Reinforcement Learning
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Author : Maximilian Igl
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Inductive Biases And Generalisation For Deep Reinforcement Learning written by Maximilian Igl and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
Inductive Bias In Machine Learning
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Author : Luca Rendsburg
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Inductive Bias In Machine Learning written by Luca Rendsburg and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
Inductive bias describes the preference for solutions that a machine learning algorithm holds before seeing any data. It is a necessary ingredient for the goal of machine learning, which is to generalize from a set of examples to unseen data points. Yet, the inductive bias of learning algorithms is often not specified explicitly in practice, which prevents a theoretical understanding and undermines trust in machine learning. This issue is most prominently visible in the contemporary case of deep learning, which is widely successful in applications but relies on many poorly understood techniques and heuristics. This thesis aims to uncover the hidden inductive biases of machine learning algorithms. In the first part of the thesis, we uncover the implicit inductive bias of NetGAN, a complex graph generative model with seemingly no prior preferences. We find that the root of its generalization properties does not lie in the GAN architecture but in an inconspicuous low-rank approximation. We then use this insight to strip NetGAN of all unnecessary parts, including the GAN, and obtain a highly simplified reformulation. Next, we present a generic algorithm that reverse-engineers hidden inductive bias in approximate Bayesian inference. While the inductive bias is completely described by the prior distribution in full Bayesian inference, real-world applications often resort to approximate techniques that can make uncontrollable errors. By reframing the problem in terms of incompatible conditional distributions, we arrive at a generic algorithm based on pseudo-Gibbs sampling that attributes the change in inductive bias to a change in the prior distribution. The last part of the thesis concerns a common inductive bias in causal learning, the assumption of independent causal mechanisms. Under this assumption, we consider estimators for confounding strength, which governs the generalization ability from observational distribution to the underlying causal model. We show that an existing estimator is generally inconsistent and propose a consistent estimator based on tools from random matrix theory.
Inductive Biases In A Reinforcement Learner
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Author : Helen G. Cobb
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1992*
Inductive Biases In A Reinforcement Learner written by Helen G. Cobb and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992* with categories.
Change Of Representation And Inductive Bias
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Author : D. Paul Benjamin
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1989-12-31
Change Of Representation And Inductive Bias written by D. Paul Benjamin and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989-12-31 with categories.
Natural Inductive Biases For Artificial Intelligence
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Author : T. Anderson Keller
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Natural Inductive Biases For Artificial Intelligence written by T. Anderson Keller and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.
"The study of inductive bias is one of the most all encompassing in all of machine learning. Inductive biases define not only the efficiency and speed of learning, but also what is ultimately possible to learn by a given machine learning system. The history of modern machine learning is intertwined with that of psychology, cognitive science and neuroscience, and therefore many of the most impactful inductive biases have come directly from these fields. Examples include convolutional neural networks, stemming from the observed organization of natural visual systems, and artificial neural networks themselves intending to model idolized abstract neural circuits. Given the dramatic successes of machine learning in recent years however, more emphasis has been placed on the engineering challenges faced by scaling up machine learning systems, with less focus on their inductive biases . This thesis will be an attempted step in the reverse direction. To do so, we will cover both naturally relevant learning algorithms, as well as natural structure inherent to neural representations. We will build artificial systems which are modeled after these natural properties, and we will demonstrate how they are both beneficial to computation, and may serve to help us better understand natural intelligence itself." --
Inductive Biases In A Reinforcement Learner
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Author : Helen G. Cobb
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1992
Inductive Biases In A Reinforcement Learner written by Helen G. Cobb and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with categories.
Practicing Trustworthy Machine Learning
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Author : Yada Pruksachatkun
language : en
Publisher: "O'Reilly Media, Inc."
Release Date : 2023-01-03
Practicing Trustworthy Machine Learning written by Yada Pruksachatkun and has been published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc." this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-01-03 with Computers categories.
With the increasing use of AI in high-stakes domains such as medicine, law, and defense, organizations spend a lot of time and money to make ML models trustworthy. Many books on the subject offer deep dives into theories and concepts. This guide provides a practical starting point to help development teams produce models that are secure, more robust, less biased, and more explainable. Authors Yada Pruksachatkun, Matthew McAteer, and Subhabrata Majumdar translate best practices in the academic literature for curating datasets and building models into a blueprint for building industry-grade trusted ML systems. With this book, engineers and data scientists will gain a much-needed foundation for releasing trustworthy ML applications into a noisy, messy, and often hostile world. You'll learn: Methods to explain ML models and their outputs to stakeholders How to recognize and fix fairness concerns and privacy leaks in an ML pipeline How to develop ML systems that are robust and secure against malicious attacks Important systemic considerations, like how to manage trust debt and which ML obstacles require human intervention
Encyclopedia Of Systems Biology
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Author : Werner Dubitzky
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2013-08-17
Encyclopedia Of Systems Biology written by Werner Dubitzky and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-08-17 with Science categories.
Systems biology refers to the quantitative analysis of the dynamic interactions among several components of a biological system and aims to understand the behavior of the system as a whole. Systems biology involves the development and application of systems theory concepts for the study of complex biological systems through iteration over mathematical modeling, computational simulation and biological experimentation. Systems biology could be viewed as a tool to increase our understanding of biological systems, to develop more directed experiments, and to allow accurate predictions. The Encyclopedia of Systems Biology is conceived as a comprehensive reference work covering all aspects of systems biology, in particular the investigation of living matter involving a tight coupling of biological experimentation, mathematical modeling and computational analysis and simulation. The main goal of the Encyclopedia is to provide a complete reference of established knowledge in systems biology – a ‘one-stop shop’ for someone seeking information on key concepts of systems biology. As a result, the Encyclopedia comprises a broad range of topics relevant in the context of systems biology. The audience targeted by the Encyclopedia includes researchers, developers, teachers, students and practitioners who are interested or working in the field of systems biology. Keeping in mind the varying needs of the potential readership, we have structured and presented the content in a way that is accessible to readers from wide range of backgrounds. In contrast to encyclopedic online resources, which often rely on the general public to author their content, a key consideration in the development of the Encyclopedia of Systems Biology was to have subject matter experts define the concepts and subjects of systems biology.
Machine Learning Toolbox For Social Scientists
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Author : Yigit Aydede
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2023-09-22
Machine Learning Toolbox For Social Scientists written by Yigit Aydede and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-09-22 with Computers categories.
Machine Learning Toolbox for Social Scientists covers predictive methods with complementary statistical "tools" that make it mostly self-contained. The inferential statistics is the traditional framework for most data analytics courses in social science and business fields, especially in Economics and Finance. The new organization that this book offers goes beyond standard machine learning code applications, providing intuitive backgrounds for new predictive methods that social science and business students can follow. The book also adds many other modern statistical tools complementary to predictive methods that cannot be easily found in "econometrics" textbooks: nonparametric methods, data exploration with predictive models, penalized regressions, model selection with sparsity, dimension reduction methods, nonparametric time-series predictions, graphical network analysis, algorithmic optimization methods, classification with imbalanced data, and many others. This book is targeted at students and researchers who have no advanced statistical background, but instead coming from the tradition of "inferential statistics". The modern statistical methods the book provides allows it to be effectively used in teaching in the social science and business fields. Key Features: The book is structured for those who have been trained in a traditional statistics curriculum. There is one long initial section that covers the differences in "estimation" and "prediction" for people trained for causal analysis. The book develops a background framework for Machine learning applications from Nonparametric methods. SVM and NN simple enough without too much detail. It’s self-sufficient. Nonparametric time-series predictions are new and covered in a separate section. Additional sections are added: Penalized Regressions, Dimension Reduction Methods, and Graphical Methods have been increasing in their popularity in social sciences.