Some Factors Affecting Soil Organic Matter Decomposition
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Some Factors Affecting Soil Organic Matter Decomposition
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Author : Herbert A. Lunt
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1923
Some Factors Affecting Soil Organic Matter Decomposition written by Herbert A. Lunt and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1923 with Humus categories.
Soil Organic Matter
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Author : M. M. Kononova
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2013-10-02
Soil Organic Matter written by M. M. Kononova and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-02 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Soil Organic Matter: Its Nature, Its Role in Soil Formation and in Soil Fertility focuses on the contributions of soil organic matter in soil formation and fertility, including weathering, decomposition, and synthesis of humus substances. The publication first elaborates on the main stages in the history of soil humus study and ideas on the composition of soil organic matter and nature of humus substances. Discussions focus on organic substances of individual nature, strictly humus substances in soil organic matter, and humus substances as a complex of high molecular- weight compounds. The text then examines the biochemistry of humus formation, including the role of physical, chemical, and biological factors, origin of humus substances, possible participation of lignin in the formation of humus substances, and the role of oxidizing enzymes in the synthesis of humus substances. The manuscript takes a look at the importance of organic matter in soil formation and soil fertility and the natural factors of humus formation. Topics include the role of organic matter in the weathering and decomposition of soil minerals; role of organic matter in the formation of soil structure; effect of organic matter on the growth and development of plants; and influence of chemical and physicochemical soil properties on humus formation. The publication is a dependable source material for readers interested in the influence of soil organic matter in soil formation and fertility.
The Importance Of Soil Organic Matter
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Author : Alexandra Bot
language : en
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
Release Date : 2005
The Importance Of Soil Organic Matter written by Alexandra Bot and has been published by Food & Agriculture Org. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Soil organic matter - the product of on-site biological decomposition - affects the chemical and physical properties of the soil and its overall health. Its composition and breakdown rate affect: the soil structure and porosity; the water infiltration rate and moisture holding capacity of soils; the diversity and biological activity of soil organisms; and plant nutrient availability. This document concentrates on the organic matter dynamics of cropping soils and discusses the circumstances that deplete organic matter and their negative outcomes. It then moves on to more proactive solutions. It reviews a "basket" of practices in order to show how they can increase organic matter content and discusses the land and cropping benefits that then accrue.--Publisher's description.
The Importance Origin Composition And Stability Of Deeply Buried Soil Organic Matter
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
The Importance Origin Composition And Stability Of Deeply Buried Soil Organic Matter written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
Most research on soil organic carbon (SOC) investigates soils to a maximum of 1 m depth, but at least a third of global SOC is located deeper. This research explored the importance, sources, composition, and stability of deeply buried soil organic matter through a review of processes contributing to global SOC accumulation below 1 m depth and through a case study of SOC preservation in a deeply buried loess paleosol. Soil horizon burial by volcanic, windblown, river-borne, and other sediments can be an important mechanism for stabilizing SOC at depth by impacting soil-forming factors and organic matter decomposition. Buried paleosol SOC tends to be higher under volcanic deposits and permafrost loess than under alluvial and non-permafrost loess ones. Deep SOC reservoirs can play an active role in the global carbon cycle, and disturbances from land use and climate changes have the potential to destabilize deep and buried SOC by reconnecting it with current surface environments, thus providing a new source of ancient carbon to the atmosphere. The composition and stability of the organic matter of the Brady Soil loess paleosol of the central Great Plains of the U.S. were determined using a combination of biogeochemical analytical methods: density fractionation, elemental and isotopic analysis, solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry, lipid biomarker analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and a lab incubation. Results indicate that the Brady Soil organic matter is of plant origin charred by grassland fires at the time of soil development. The Brady Soil organic matter, which is approximately 10,000 years old and has been protected from decomposition since burial, is thermodynamically and biologically more stable than that of the modern surface soil. It appears to have been stabilized through incorporation into aggregates, chemical modification from fire, and rapid burial. However, the Brady Soil loses more carbon through microbial respiration when moistened, and possible future increased Great Plains soil moisture conditions could destabilize some of the deeply buried SOC. It is vital to understand how such deep, buried soils store carbon to determine how they may release it with future land use and climate changes.
Methods In Ecosystem Science
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Author : Osvaldo E. Sala
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-12-01
Methods In Ecosystem Science written by Osvaldo E. Sala and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-12-01 with Science categories.
Ecology at the ecosystem level has both necessitated and benefited from new methods and technologies as well as those adapted from other disciplines. With the ascendancy of ecosystem science and management, the need has arisen for a comprehensive treatment of techniques used in this rapidly-growing field. Methods in Ecosystem Science answers that need by synthesizing the advantages, disadvantages and tradeoffs associated with the most commonly used techniques in both aquatic and terrestrial research. The book is divided into sections addressing carbon and energy dynamics, nutrient and water dynamics, manipulative ecosystem experiements and tools to synthesize our understanding of ecosystems. Detailed information about various methods will help researchers choose the most appropriate methods for their particular studies. Prominent scientists discuss how tools from a variety of disciplines can be used in ecosystem science at different scales.
Storage And Turnover Of Organic Matter In Soil
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Storage And Turnover Of Organic Matter In Soil written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.
Historically, attention on soil organic matter (SOM) has focused on the central role that it plays in ecosystem fertility and soil properties, but in the past two decades the role of soil organic carbon in moderating atmospheric CO2 concentrations has emerged as a critical research area. This chapter will focus on the storage and turnover of natural organic matter in soil (SOM), in the context of the global carbon cycle. Organic matter in soils is the largest carbon reservoir in rapid exchange with atmospheric CO2, and is thus important as a potential source and sink of greenhouse gases over time scales of human concern (Fischlin and Gyalistras 1997). SOM is also an important human resource under active management in agricultural and range lands worldwide. Questions driving present research on the soil C cycle include: Are soils now acting as a net source or sink of carbon to the atmosphere? What role will soils play as a natural modulator or amplifier of climatic warming? How is C stabilized and sequestered, and what are effective management techniques to foster these processes? Answering these questions will require a mechanistic understanding of how and where C is stored in soils. The quantity and composition of organic matter in soil reflect the long-term balance between plant carbon inputs and microbial decomposition, as well as other loss processes such as fire, erosion, and leaching. The processes driving soil carbon storage and turnover are complex and involve influences at molecular to global scales. Moreover, the relative importance of these processes varies according to the temporal and spatial scales being considered; a process that is important at the regional scale may not be critical at the pedon scale. At the regional scale, SOM cycling is influenced by factors such as climate and parent material, which affect plant productivity and soil development. More locally, factors such as plant tissue quality and soil mineralogy affect decomposition pathways and stabilization. These factors influence the stability of SOM in part by shaping its molecular characteristics, which play a fundamental role in nearly all processes governing SOM stability but are not the focus of this chapter. We review here the most important controls on the distribution and dynamics of SOM at plot to global scales, and methods used to study them. We also explore the concepts of controls, processes, and mechanisms, and how they operate across scales. The concept of SOM turnover, or mean residence time, is central to this chapter and so it is described in some detail. The Appendix details the use of radiocarbon (14C), a powerful isotopic tool for studying SOM dynamics. Much of the material here was originally presented at a NATO Advanced Study Institute on 'Soils and Global Change: Carbon Cycle, Trace Gas Exchange and Hydrology', held June 16-27, 1997, at the Chateau de Bonas, France.
Factors Affecting Radiocarbon Enrichment In Soil And The Turnover Of Soil Organic Matter
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Author : J. D. Stout
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1973*
Factors Affecting Radiocarbon Enrichment In Soil And The Turnover Of Soil Organic Matter written by J. D. Stout and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1973* with Radiocarbon dating categories.
Evaluation Of Soil Organic Matter Models
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Author : David S. Powlson
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-06-29
Evaluation Of Soil Organic Matter Models written by David S. Powlson and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-29 with Science categories.
Soil organic matter (SOM) represents a major pool of carbon within the biosphere, roughly twice than in atmospheric CO2. SOM models embody our best understanding of soil carbon dynamics and are needed to predict how global environmental change will influence soil carbon stocks. These models are also required for evaluating the likely effectiveness of different mitigation options. The first important step towards systematically evaluating the suitability of SOM models for these purposes is to test their simulations against real data. Since changes in SOM occur slowly, long-term datasets are required. This volume brings together leading SOM model developers and experimentalists to test SOM models using long-term datasets from diverse ecosystems, land uses and climatic zones within the temperate region.
Soil Conditions And Plants Growth
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Author : Sir John E. Russell
language : en
Publisher: Daya Books
Release Date : 2002-03
Soil Conditions And Plants Growth written by Sir John E. Russell and has been published by Daya Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-03 with Science categories.
Recognised As Complex Are The Relations Of The Plant To The Soil. Looking Through A Historical Perspective On The Evolution Of Systematic Scientific Studies On This Relation, This Book Endeavours To Compile The Available Information On The Soil As A Medium For Plant Life. With Reference To The Studies Made In Different Parts Of The World, It Covers All The Related Subjects And Topics In An Exhaustive Manner- The Microscopic Inhabitants Of The Soil And Their Connection With Plant Life; Relation Between Vegetation And Soil Temperature And Soil Moisture; Plant Nutrition Through Soil; Saline And Alkali; Soils And Their Management; Rock Weathering Soil Formation; Control Of Soil Erosion; And Conservation Of Soil Fertility; Etc. The Text Is Aptly Illustrated, Enriched With Tables Of Scientific Data, And Supplemented With References For Further Information And An Exhaustive Subject Index. Chapter 1: Historical And Introductory; The Search For The Principle Of Vegetation 1630-1750, The Serach For Plant Nutrients, The Phlogistic Period 1750-1800, The Modern Period 1800-1860, The Beginnings Of Soil Bacteriology, The Rise Of Modern Knowledge Of The Soil And The Return Of Field Studies, Chapter 2: The Food Of Plants, Chapter 3: The Individual Nutrients Needed By Plants; Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulphur, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Silicon, Chlorides, Trade Elements In Plant Nutrition, Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Copper, Molydenum, Boron, Trace Elements In Animal Nutrition, Chapter 4: Quantitative Studies On Plant Growth; The Relation Between Growth And Nutrient Supply As Found By Experiment, The Assumed Relation Between Growth And Nutrient Supply, The Interaction Of Nutrients, Chapter 5: The Composition Of The Soil; Size Distribution Of Soil Particles, The Mineralogical Composition Of The Soil Particles: Sand And Silt Fractions, The Clay Fraction, Non Crystalline Inorganic Components Of Soils, The Exchangeable Bases Held By The Soil, Chapter 6: The Constitution Of Clay Minerals, Chapter 7: The Cation And Anion Holding Powers Of Soils; The Cation Holding Power Of Clay Minerals, The Clay Acid, The Ph Of Soil, Summary Of The Factors Affecting The Ph Of A Soil, The Lime Requirement Of A Soil, Relative Attractions Of Clay For Different Cations, The Quantitative Laws Of Base Exchange, The Anion Holding Power Of Soils, Summary Of The Acid And Base Holding Mechanisms In Soils, The Effect Of Fertilizers On The Exchangeable Bases Held By Soils, Chapter 8: The Behaviour Of Soils And Clays In Water; The Absorption Of Liquids And Gases By Dry Clays, Deflocculation And Flocculation Of Clay Suspensions, Deflocculation And Flocculation In Clay Pastes And Clods, Soil Consistency, Chapter 9: The Physiology Of The Microbial Population; The Microbial Population Of The Soil, The Nutrition Of The Microflora, Autotrophic And Heterotrophic Organisms, The Respiration Of The Microflora, Aerobic And Anaerobic Organisms, The Byproducts Of Microbial Metabolism, Microbial Excretions, Chapter 10: The Organisms Composing The Population; Bacteria, The Number Of Bacteria In The Soil, The Types Of Soil Bacteria, The Fluctuations In The Number Of Soil Bacteria, Bacteriophages, Actinomycetes, Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, Amoeboid And Flagellate Stages Of Other Organisms, Chapter 11: The Soil Fauna Other Than Protozoa; Nematodes, Earthworms, Arthropods, Gasteropods, The Soil Inhabiting Mammals, Chapter 12: The General Ecology Of The Soil Population, The Distribution Of Micro Organisms Through The Soil Space, The Effect Of The Energy Supply, The Activity Of The Soil Population, The Relation Between Microbiological Activity And Soil Fertility, Symbiotic And Antibiotic Relations Between The Microflora, Interactions Between The Soil Microflora And Fauna, Soil Moisture And Soil Temperature, The Effect Of Soil Reaction, Partial Sterilisation Of The Soil, Chapter 13: The Association Between Plants And Micro Organisms; The Rhizosphere Population, Association Of Fungi With Plant Roots, Specialised Association Between Plant Roots And Soil Microorganisms, The Ectotrophic Mycorrhizas Of Forest Trees, Endotrophic Mycorrhizas, Chapter 14: The Decomposition Of Plant Material; The Plant Constituents, The Decomposition Of Plnat Residues, Composting, The Microorganisms Involved In The Decomposition Of Plant Remains, Green Manuring, The Decomposition Of Green Manures Under Water Logged Conditions: Paddy Soils, Chapter 15: The Composition Of The Soil Organic Matter; The Fractionation Of The Soil Humus, The Composition And Formation Of Humus, The Carbon Nitrogen Ration, The Phosphorus Compounds, The Sulphur Compounds In The Organic Matter, The Properties Of Soil Humus, The Acid Properties And The Base Exchange Capacity Of Humus, Clay Humus Complexes, The Level Of Organic Matter In Soils, Chapter 16: The Nitrogen Cycle In The Soil; The Mineralisation Of Soil Nitrogen, The Production Of Ammonia From Organic Matter, Nitrification In The Soil: The Production Of Nitric And Nitrate, The Level Of Mineral Nitrogen In The Soil, Losses Of Inorganic Nitrogen From The Soil, Grains Of Nitrogen By The Soil, Non Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation In Soils, Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation In Leguminous Plants, Chapter 17: The Temperature Of The Soil; The Heat Balance Of A Soil, The Influence Of Vegetation On Soil Temperature, The Variation Of Soil Temperature With Depth, Chapter 18: The Soil Atmosphere, Chapter 19: The Water In Soils; Where And How The Water Is Held, Suction And Pf Curves For Soils, The Movement Of Water In Soils, Entry Of Water Into A Soil: Infiltration Rate Or Premeability, Drainage Of Water, Field Capacity, Evaporation Of Water From A Bare Soil, Chapter 20: Water And Plant Growth; The Amout Of Water Transpired By A Crop, Chapter 21: The Transfer Of Water From Soil To Plant; The Wilting Range In Soils, The Available Water In Soils, The Amout Of Available Water Held By A Soil, Chapter 22: The Control Of Soil Moisture In Practice; Removal Of Excess Water By Drainage, Irriation, Dry Farming, Chapter 23: Soil Structure And Soil Tilth; The Breakdown Of Soil Structure, The Building Up Of Soil Structure In The Field, The Effects Of Cultivation Implements And The Weather, Modifying The Composition Of The Soil, The Effect Of Growing Crops On The Soil Structure, The Mechanism Of Crumb And Clod Formation, Chapter 24: The Development Of Plant Roots In Soil, Chapter 25: The Uptake Of Nutrients From The Soil; The Absorption Of Nutriens And Water By Plant Roots, The Soil Solution, The Sources From Which Plant Roots Extract Nutrients, Transfer Of Nutrients From The Root To The Soil, The Need For Fertiliser Placement, Chapter 26: The Sources Of Plant Nutrients In The Soil; The Phosphorus Compounds, The Phosphatic Fertilisers, The Reversion Of Phosphate Fertilisers In The Soil, The Level Of Available Phsosphate In The Soil, The Potassium Compounds, The Calcium Compounds, The Maganese Compounds, The Sulphur Compounds, The Nitrogen Compounds, The Organic Matter, Chapter 27: The Effect Of Soil Acidity And Alkalinity On Plant Growth; The Effect Of Soil Acidity, The Effect Of Soil Alkalinity, Chapter 28: The Effect Of Growing Plant On The Soil; The Efect Of A Crop On Its Successor, The Interaction Between Plants Growing Together, Chapter 29: The Weathering Of Rocks; The Formation Of The Crust Of Weathering, Laterites And Ferrallites, Weathering In The Soil Zone, Chapter 30: Soil Formation Of The Well Drained Sites; The Humus Of The Forest Floor, Well Drained Soils Under Mor, The Podsol, Well Drained Soils Under Mull, The Brown Earths, The Grassland Soils: The Prairie Soils And Chernozems, Leached Soils Of The Humid Tropics, Chapter 31: The Influence Of Topography On Soil Formation; Effect Of Impeded Drainage And Ground Water On The Soil, Pan Formation In Soils, Soil Formation On Hill Slopes, The Soil Catena, Chapter 32: Saline And Alkali Soils, Saline Soils Or Solonchaks, Alkali Soils: The Solonetz And Solod, Chapter 33: The Management Of Irrigated Saline And Alkali Soils; The Effect Of Soluble Salts On Plant Growth, The Control Of Soluble Salts In The Soil, The Control Of Alkalinity, Reclamation Of Soils Damaged By Sea Water, Chapter 34: The General Principles Of Soil Management; The Principles Underlying The Control Of Soil Erosion, Wind Erosion And Soil Drifting, Erosion Of Running Water, Chapter 35: Principles Of The Methods Of Soil Cultivation; Mulches And Shade Trees, Chapter 36: The Control Of Soil Fertility In Practice; The Management Of Sandy Soils In England, The Management Of The English Clay Soils, Some Principles Involved In The Management Of Tropical Soils, The Principles Of Land Classification.
Sustainable Management Of Soil Organic Matter
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Author : R. M. Rees
language : en
Publisher: CABI
Release Date : 2000-12-11
Sustainable Management Of Soil Organic Matter written by R. M. Rees and has been published by CABI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000-12-11 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Includes some fifty edited and revised papers from an international conference on Sustainable Management of Soil Organic Matter, held by the British Society of Soil Science in Edinburgh in September 1999. The book explores the results of recent research studies examining how organic matter functions in soils, factors affecting organic matter quality and quantity and how management of organic matter can be optimised in order to achieve sustainable farming practices.