Spies In Space Reflections On National Reconnaissance And The Manned Orbiting Laboratory
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Spies In Space
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Author : Courtney V. K. Homer
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Spies In Space written by Courtney V. K. Homer and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Astronautics, Military categories.
In 1963, the Air Force annouced it was developing a program to increase the Defense Department efforts to determine military usefulness in space. This program was called MOL (Manned Orbiting Laboratory). The program also held a highly classified component called "Dorian," managed by the National Reconnaissance Office. When the NRO declassified all its files on the Dorian and MOL programs in 2015, five astronauts (James Abrahamson, Karol Bobko, Albert Crews, Bob Crippen, and Richard Truly) and the program's technical director, Michael Yarymovych, shared their experiences and insight of being trained to be America's spies in space during the Cold War.
Spies In Space Reflections On National Reconnaissance And The Manned Orbiting Laboratory
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Author : Center for Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019-08-04
Spies In Space Reflections On National Reconnaissance And The Manned Orbiting Laboratory written by Center for Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-08-04 with categories.
In December 1963, while a student at New York University in its Air Force ROTC program, I was intrigued by a press release by the Air Force. The release had announced that the Air Force was developing something called the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL). It was a program being developed to ". . . increase the Defense Department effort to determine military usefulness of men in space." This was a new domain for ROTC students to explore--Astronauts with a military mission! While I, my fellow students, and the public saw this merely as another major move forward by the US in its very public "space race" with the Soviet Union, little did we know that there was a hidden, highly classified aspect to the MOL effort. It was "Dorian," a deeply classified program managed by the then darkly hidden agency of the Intelligence Community, the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO).Fifty-two years later, on 22 October 2015 I had the honor of meeting five of these NRO astronauts (James Abrahamson, Karol Bobko, Albert Crews, Bob Crippen, and Richard Truly), along with the program's technical director, Michael Yarymovych. These five pioneering individuals were members of a panel that I was moderating at the National Museum of the United States Air Force (NMUSAF) in Dayton, OH.The compendium included Carl Berger's earlier MOL history, which is a record of the administrative efforts to develop and sustain the MOL Program. This current book, Spies in Space--Reflections on National Reconnaissance and the Manned Orbiting Laboratory, goes well beyond that. The CSNR Oral Historian, Courtney Homer, conducted many hours of research, with a focus on oral history interviews. She based this new history on those interviews, as well as the findings from her additional documentary research.This book offers the reader a window into the experiences and insight of those who were training to be America's spies in space during the Cold War. It is the recollections of those who lived the Dorian and MOL experience.
Spies In Space
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Author : Courtney J V Homer
language : en
Publisher: Nimble Books
Release Date : 2023-12-19
Spies In Space written by Courtney J V Homer and has been published by Nimble Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-12-19 with categories.
In the world of deeply classified military projects, "never-weres" and "might have beens" can shed great light on what actually has been happening behind the scenes. The Manned Orbital Laboratory, a secret project that was cancelled in 1969, illustrates that for more than sixty years, the US government has been energetically seeking persistent, easily-retasked, adaptive, and above all intelligent capabilities for monitoring adversaries from space. For those interested in military space[1], the history offers an essential reference point. If the MOL had flown, it would have been super cool; but the US secured the desired capabilities by other means, many of which are still deep black. This document provides a comprehensive overview of the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) program, a United States Air Force initiative in the 1960s aimed at developing a manned space platform for military reconnaissance during the Cold War. The document explores the objectives, challenges, and eventual cancellation of the program, as well as the debates and differing opinions surrounding MOL. It discusses concerns about cost, international relations, and the role of humans in space. The document also covers the training program for MOL crew members, their roles and responsibilities, and the development of the MOL system. Personal accounts express shock and disappointment over the program's termination, and mention the consequences such as layoffs and the transfer of MOL crew members to NASA. Overall, this document offers insights into the complexities and controversies surrounding the MOL program. This annotated edition illustrates the capabilities of the AI Lab for Book-Lovers to add context and ease-of-use to manuscripts. It includes five types of abstracts, building from simplest to more complex: TLDR (one word), ELI5, TLDR (vanilla), Scientific Style, and Action Items; four essays to increase viewpoint diversity: Context in the Discourse, Formal Dissent; Red Team Critique; and MAGA Perspective; and Notable Passages and Nutshell Summaries for each page. [1] Indeed, "For All Mankind."-Ed.
Spies In Space
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Author : U. S. Military
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019-08-30
Spies In Space written by U. S. Military and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-08-30 with categories.
This report was released by the NRO in May 2019. Between 1965 and 1969, quietly and without fanfare, 17 non-NASA individuals were astronaut-trained in order to meet the reconnaissance needs of the United States. They came from across the military services. Participants in the Manned Orbiting Laboratory program trained tirelessly and worked relentlessly because they believed they could contribute something unique to U.S. reconnaissance efforts and because they all shared a dream of flying in space. The purpose of this book is to offer a first-hand account of the MOL program for the first time. Shrouded in secrecy, the MOL program was declassified by the National Reconnaissance Office in 2015. This is the first opportunity many participants had to share their experiences with anyone outside their small cadres. The bulk of the book is written in their words, taken directly from transcripts of oral history interviews conducted over the last five years with program participants, as well as official documents and transcripts written by the officers who participated in and managed the programs.This compilation includes a reproduction of the 2019 Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community.Although the US Air Force announced the MOL project, they did not disclose the primary purpose of the program-to serve as a manned reconnaissance platform in space. Instead, the Air Force disclosed that the platform would be used for space experiments. During the early planning stages of the MOL program, the US Air Force sought a compelling reason for developing the program given NASA's mandate for manned space flight. The newly formed National Reconnaissance Office provided the most compelling reason for a military manned space program, putting a high resolution telescope into space to observe the activities of the Soviet Union and other US adversaries. At the time MOL was under development, the United States had already demonstrated that imagery and signals intelligence from space satellites provided compelling insight to US leaders, including the president. The limitations, especially of photoreconnaissance satellites, included timeliness of the intelligence and capture of the intelligence in optimal weather conditions. Photoreconnaissance satellites captured images on film that took days to weeks to be deorbited, processed, analyzed, and made available to senior US leadership. Often the imagery was of limited value because of persistent cloud cover over areas of interest to the US. A manned imagery collection system in space seemed an elegant solution for overcoming these limitations. In theory, national reconnaissance astronauts could spot targets of interest, especially in a crisis, and image on orbits where those areas of interest were free of cloud cover. The astronauts could then develop and provide a preliminary readout of conditions on the ground in a crisis situation. If successful, the MOL program would provide intelligence information that would otherwise not be available for critical US decision-making.Although the MOL program was cancelled, its legacy continued not only through the contributions to US space and defense programs by the astronauts who trained for the program, but also the technological development from the program. The technology investments in MOL were transferred to NASA for its own manned laboratory program that launched in the 1970s. The NRO also directly benefited in investments in both launch and reconnaissance collection systems that would mature for use in other NRO programs.
Spies In Space Reflections On National Reconnaissance And The Manned Orbiting Laboratory May 2019
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Spies In Space Reflections On National Reconnaissance And The Manned Orbiting Laboratory May 2019 written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
The Curse Of Slc 6
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Author : London Vallery
language : en
Publisher: London Vallery
Release Date : 2022-03-16
The Curse Of Slc 6 written by London Vallery and has been published by London Vallery this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-03-16 with Technology & Engineering categories.
From lucky last meals to kissing flags, rituals and superstition have always been a special tradition for the United States space program and its members. However, the spread of a rumored Native American curse on the nation's premier launch site was a first for the industry. Space Launch Complex- 6 (SLC-6), on what is now Vandenberg Space Force base in Lompoc, California, was constructed in 1966 to be the most sophisticated launch complex in the world, but, despite robust government funding, found itself plagued with over four decades of mission cancellations, collapses, floods, fires, and deaths. Amongst airmen, a rumor emerged that SLC-6 had been built atop of a Native American burial site belonging to the local Chumash tribe and thus began a contentious relationship between the future of America's space program and indigenous spirituality. Following from the initial construction of the launch facility to the declaration of a US government official that the site had been hexed, this thesis deconstructs how the rumored "Curse of SLC-6" reflects a larger and inherent tension between the perceptions of Native American identity and the visions of what a prosperous America looks like. This thesis analyzes significant historical points during the mid-late twentieth century including the fear of Soviet Espionage, the rise of the American Indian Movement, and the revival of the Mystic Native Trope in an attempt to understand the socio-political environment of Lompoc that allowed this rumor to flourish. Utilizing local newspapers, private Vandenberg archives, and exclusive interviews with base officials and Chumash elders, this research uncovers never before known information that upsets decades of misreporting on this conflict. Ultimately, this research concludes how the development of the US space program is inherently tied to the concept of national imperialism and is designed as an antithesis to indigenous communities.
Black Space
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Author : David Axe
language : en
Publisher: Pen and Sword Military
Release Date : 2023-03-09
Black Space written by David Axe and has been published by Pen and Sword Military this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-03-09 with History categories.
Orbital fortresses poised to fry entire cities with no warning using giant mirrors. Bombers that take off from Earth, punch through the thin border between the atmosphere and vacuum and take advantage of that lofty altitude to speed across the globe on missions of mass destruction. These and other exotic orbital weapons were under consideration, or even active development, in the early decades of humanity’s push into space. And no wonder. The era of frantic, dueling, American and Soviet space-exploration efforts -- which stretched from the end of World War II to the United States’ successful Moon landing in July 1969 -- had its roots in Nazi Germany, a country that pinned its hope for global conquest on equally ambitious superweapons. In the decades following World War II, the top scientists in the U.S. and Soviet space programs were ex-Nazis—most notably rocket-designer Wernher von Braun, who sided with the Americans. The basic technologies of the space race derived from Nazi superweapons, in particular von Braun’s V-2 rocket. But orbital war never broke out in those heady decades of intense space competition. It’s possible to triangulate the moment the seemingly inevitable became evitable. July 29, 1958. The day U.S. president Dwight Eisenhower reluctantly signed the law creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Starting that day, the U.S. military gradually ceded to NASA, a civilian agency, leadership of American efforts in space. Even von Braun, once a leading advocate of orbital warfare, went along. Space-based superweapons and their architects, and the high-stakes politics that reined them in, are the subject of this brief book.
Spies And Shuttles
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Author : James E. David
language : en
Publisher: University Press of Florida
Release Date : 2015-01-27
Spies And Shuttles written by James E. David and has been published by University Press of Florida this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-01-27 with Technology & Engineering categories.
In this real life spy saga, James E. David reveals the extensive and largely hidden interactions between NASA and U.S. defense and intelligence departments. The story begins with the establishment of NASA in 1958 and follows the agency through its growth, not only in scope but also in complexity. In Spies and Shuttles, David digs through newly declassified documents to ultimately reveal how NASA became a strange bedfellow to the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). He tracks NASA’s early cooperation—supplying cover stories for covert missions, analyzing the Soviet space program, providing weather and other scientific data from its satellites, and monitoring missile tests—that eventually devolved into NASA’s reliance on DoD for political and financial support for the Shuttle. David also examines the restrictions imposed on such activities as photographing the Earth from space and the intrusive review mechanisms to ensure compliance. The ties between NASA and the intelligence community have historically remained unexplored, and David’s riveting book is the first to investigate the twists and turns of this labyrinthine relationship.
20th Century Spy In The Sky Satellites
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Author : U. S. Military
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017-04-17
20th Century Spy In The Sky Satellites written by U. S. Military and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-04-17 with categories.
Part of our comprehensive series on the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) and its "spy satellite" network, this volume reproduces interesting reviews and commentaries from National Reconnaissance, Journal of the Discipline and Practice, and Space Sentinel Select. Articles include: Risk Management and National Reconnaissance From the Cold War Up to the Global War on Terrorism National Reconnaissance Leadership for the 21st Century: Lessons from the NRO's Heritage One Officer's Perspective: The Decline of the National Reconnaissance Office Commentary on "The Decline of the National Reconnaissance Office"- The NRO Leadership Replies Recapturing What Made the NRO Great: Updated Observations on "The Decline of the NRO" Pioneers Of National Reconnaissance Protecting Sources and Methods versus the Public's Right to Know: Setting the Terms for a More Constructive Discussion The Rationale for Classifying Intelligence Information From Camp Incarceration to U.S. National Reconnaissance: The Case of Two Americans of Japanese Ancestry- NRO Pioneer Sam Araki and Former DDNRO Dr. F. Robert Naka Reflections of M. Sam Araki-Success Through Systems Engineering and Leading Lockheed Missiles and Space The Implications of Losing Focus: The Need for the NRO to Change Its Business Practices In Harm's Way Recipe for Acquisition SECTION 1: National Reconnaissance, Journal of the Discipline and Practice, Issue 2005-U1 SECTION 2: National Reconnaissance, Journal of the Discipline and Practice, Winter 2009 / 2010 Issue 2009-U SECTION 3: Space Sentinel Select Volume 1, Number 1, 2009 SECTION 4: Space Sentinel Select Volume 2, Number 1, 2010 NRO designs, builds and operates the nation's reconnaissance satellites. NRO products, provided to an expanding list of customers like the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Department of Defense (DoD), can warn of potential trouble spots around the world, help plan military operations, and monitor the environment. As part of the 16-member Intelligence Community, the NRO plays a primary role in achieving information superiority for the U. S. Government and Armed Forces. A DoD agency, the NRO is staffed by DoD and CIA personnel. It is funded through the National Reconnaissance Program, part of the National Foreign Intelligence Program. The NRO Vision: Vigilance From Above. NRO Mission: Innovative Overhead Intelligence Systems for National Security. In recent years, the NRO has implemented a series of actions declassifying some of its operations. The organization was declassified in September 1992 followed by the location of its headquarters in Chantilly, VA, in 1994.
20th Century Spy In The Sky Satellites
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Author : U. S. Military
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017-04-17
20th Century Spy In The Sky Satellites written by U. S. Military and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-04-17 with categories.
Part of our comprehensive series on the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) and its "spy satellite" network, this volume covers the SAMOS satellite camera system and the incredible story of NASA's use of the camera in its highly successful Lunar Orbiter moon mapping program. The previously classified documents in this collection were released by the NRO in September 2011 as part of its 50th anniversary. In declassifying these fascinating documents, the NRO has opened the curtain to show the tremendous challenges that were overcome to achieve the impressive successes that help win the Cold War. Conceived in the mid-1950s, the novel SAMOS imaging system at that time represented cutting edge technology-a near real time analog film-readout satellite. The Eastman Kodak Company built the E-1 (preliminary) and E-2 (advanced) payloads. The E-1 featured a six-inch focal length lens in a camera that spooled a special two-component EKC Bimat (positive) film, and SO-243 (negative) film. The exposed negative film, converged with the gelatin-coated SO-111 Bimat film, was developed in a semi-dry chemical process, and then was scanned by a Columbia Broadcasting System flying spot line-scanner that consisted of a cathode-ray tube and a rotating anode having a high intensity spot of light. A photomultiplier converted the light passing from the scanner through the film into an electrical signal whose strength varied with the density of the emulsion layer of the film. The images were then radioed to Earth as frequency-modulated analog signals, to be assembled much in the manner of a wire photo, each image built up in swaths. Having acquired, launched, and then terminated work on a near real time imaging satellite, NRO officials at that time agreed to consign the SAMOS imaging system to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for use in its deep space exploration program. The surreptitious transfer of this technology, a fact just recently declassified, has remained unknown to many in the NRO and NASA because of the compartmented security measures then in place. The first three of the Lunar Orbiters completed the original task of obtaining detailed photographs needed to select Apollo landing sites. That left the last two film-readout near real time imaging satellites available to photo-map virtually the entire moon and examine in detail various surface features. Collectively, these images of the Earth's natural satellite proved a selenographic bonanza that paved the way for Project Apollo's manned lunar landings later in the decade. NRO designs, builds and operates the nation's reconnaissance satellites. NRO products, provided to an expanding list of customers like the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Department of Defense (DoD), can warn of potential trouble spots around the world, help plan military operations, and monitor the environment. As part of the 16-member Intelligence Community, the NRO plays a primary role in achieving information superiority for the U. S. Government and Armed Forces. A DoD agency, the NRO is staffed by DoD and CIA personnel. It is funded through the National Reconnaissance Program, part of the National Foreign Intelligence Program. The NRO Vision: Vigilance From Above. NRO Mission: Innovative Overhead Intelligence Systems for National Security. In recent years, the NRO has implemented a series of actions declassifying some of its operations. The organization was declassified in September 1992 followed by the location of its headquarters in Chantilly, VA, in 1994.