Stage Structured Demography In Stochastic Environments
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Stage Structured Demography In Stochastic Environments
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Author : Raziel Joseph Davison
language : en
Publisher: Stanford University
Release Date : 2011
Stage Structured Demography In Stochastic Environments written by Raziel Joseph Davison and has been published by Stanford University this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Populations living in natural environments experience fluctuations in environmental conditions that drive variability in demographic rates. This dissertation develops new and existing mathematical methods for studying environmental stochasticity and uses these tools to investigate the role of environmental stochasticity in driving observed population dynamics and plant life history evolution. In the first two chapters I develop new approaches to a classic method in population biology, the life table response experiment (LTRE). Whereas existing methods used time-averaged demographic rates and deterministic sensitivities to decompose observed differences in population growth rates, this new method allows estimation of the contributions to those differences made by variances in demographic rates as well as by mean rate values. I use this stochastic LTRE to show how differential variability in the vital rates of Anthyllis vulneraria (kidney vetch) contribute to differences in the population growth rates of nine populations growing in southwest Belgium; we also show how the effects of demographic rate variability depend on soil depth, where the greater moisture retention of deeper soils buffers populations against the otherwise negative effects of demographic variability. The second chapter provides a different approach to LTRE that uses an iterated two-factor decomposition of the small noise approximation of the stochastic population growth rate to quantify contributions to that growth rate made by: (i) mean vital rates, (ii) temporal variability in vital rates, (iii) elasticities of the population growth rate to individual vital rates, and (iv) correlations between vital rates across the study period. Contributions of elasticities tell us about differences in local selection pressures acting on distinct populations and contributions of correlations tell us about differences in the phenotypic tradeoffs associated with vital rates. I use this new method to show how these differences drive dynamics in two species: Anthyllis vulneraria (the same populations studied in the first chapter) and Cypripedium calceolus (lady's slipper orchid). In Anthyllis vulneraria, variability in large adult fertility and seedling survival made the largest contributions; there were also effects of differences in elasticities of large adult fertility and survival, as well as differences in the correlations between rapid growth and survival in seedlings (a survival cost of rapid early development), between large adult fertility and survival (a survival cost of reproduction) and between large adult fertility and seedling survival. In Cypripedium calceolus, population growth rates were driven most by differences in the elasticities to the probabilities of adult stasis vs. entering dormancy, as well as by differences in the variability and tradeoffs associated with adult dormancy; correlation played a role through differences in the survival payoff of dormancy vs. the complimentary fertility cost of dormancy in terms of lost opportunity for reproduction. The third and final chapter investigates the role of fire disturbance in driving the life histories and population-level dynamics of five woody plant species growing in the Brazilian cerrado, a savannah-forest mosaic in which woody vegetation cover is primarily mediated by fire disturbance. This study presents a set of diagnostics that use demographic responses to recurring disturbance to categorize species along a continuum of adaptation: on one end we find 'resistant' species that must weather disturbance in order to attain large sizes that are buffered against fire-induced mortality; on the other end we find 'resilient' species that are relatively indifferent to disturbance and harness transient opportunities afforded by early post-fire successional habitats in order to take advantage of increased nutrient availability and reduced competition. Each of these chapters uses stochastic demographic analysis to extend theory describing the dynamics of populations in variable environments; together, these studies present a variegated perspective on the role of environmental stochasticity that provides new methods and novel perspectives that should be useful in the study of population biology and life history evolution.
Structured Population Models In Marine Terrestrial And Freshwater Systems
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Author : Shripad Tuljapurkar
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 1997-01-31
Structured Population Models In Marine Terrestrial And Freshwater Systems written by Shripad Tuljapurkar and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997-01-31 with Mathematics categories.
Providing many examples of how models can be implemented and interpreted, this book describes the biology of the life cycle and follows the transitions of individuals through stages in the life cycle. The focus is on models as tools.
Stochastic Models For Structured Populations
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Author : Sylvie Meleard
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-09-15
Stochastic Models For Structured Populations written by Sylvie Meleard and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-09-15 with Mathematics categories.
In this contribution, several probabilistic tools to study population dynamics are developed. The focus is on scaling limits of qualitatively different stochastic individual based models and the long time behavior of some classes of limiting processes. Structured population dynamics are modeled by measure-valued processes describing the individual behaviors and taking into account the demographic and mutational parameters, and possible interactions between individuals. Many quantitative parameters appear in these models and several relevant normalizations are considered, leading to infinite-dimensional deterministic or stochastic large-population approximations. Biologically relevant questions are considered, such as extinction criteria, the effect of large birth events, the impact of environmental catastrophes, the mutation-selection trade-off, recovery criteria in parasite infections, genealogical properties of a sample of individuals. These notes originated from a lecture series on Structured Population Dynamics at Ecole polytechnique (France). Vincent Bansaye and Sylvie Méléard are Professors at Ecole Polytechnique (France). They are a specialists of branching processes and random particle systems in biology. Most of their research concerns the applications of probability to biodiversity, ecology and evolution.
Human Evolutionary Demography
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Author : Oskar Burger
language : en
Publisher: Open Book Publishers
Release Date : 2024-06-14
Human Evolutionary Demography written by Oskar Burger and has been published by Open Book Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-06-14 with Social Science categories.
Human evolutionary demography is an emerging field blending natural science with social science. This edited volume provides a much-needed, interdisciplinary introduction to the field and highlights cutting-edge research for interested readers and researchers in demography, the evolutionary behavioural sciences, biology, and related disciplines. By bridging the boundaries between social and biological sciences, the volume stresses the importance of a unified understanding of both in order to grasp past and current demographic patterns. Demographic traits, and traits related to demographic outcomes, including fertility and mortality rates, marriage, parental care, menopause, and cooperative behavior are subject to evolutionary processes. Bringing an understanding of evolution into demography therefore incorporates valuable insights into this field; just as knowledge of demography is key to understanding evolutionary processes. By asking questions about old patterns from a new perspective, the volume—composed of contributions from established and early-career academics—demonstrates that a combination of social science research and evolutionary theory offers holistic understandings and approaches that benefit both fields. Human Evolutionary Demography introduces an emerging field in an accessible style. It is suitable for graduate courses in demography, as well as upper-level undergraduates. Its range of research is sure to be of interest to academics working on demographic topics (anthropologists, sociologists, demographers), natural scientists working on evolutionary processes, and disciplines which cross-cut natural and social science, such as evolutionary psychology, human behavioral ecology, cultural evolution, and evolutionary medicine. As an accessible introduction, it should interest readers whether or not they are currently familiar with human evolutionary demography.
Optimal Control Of Age Structured Populations In Economy Demography And The Environment
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Author : Raouf Boucekkine
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Optimal Control Of Age Structured Populations In Economy Demography And The Environment written by Raouf Boucekkine and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Business & Economics categories.
This book covers a wide range of topics within mathematical modelling and the optimization of economic, demographic, technological and environmental phenomena. Each chapter is written by experts in their field and represents new advances in modelling theory and practice. These essays are exemplary of the fruitful interaction between theory and practice when exploring global and local changes. The unifying theme of the book is the use of mathematical models and optimization methods to describe age-structured populations in economy, demography, technological change, and the environment. Emphasis is placed on deterministic dynamic models that take age or size structures, delay effects, and non-standard decision variables into account. In addition, the contributions deal with the age structure of assets, resources, and populations under study. Interdisciplinary modelling has enormous potential for discovering new insights in global and regional development. Optimal Control of Age-structured Populations in Economy, Demography, and the Environment is a rich and excellent source of information on state-of-the-art modelling expertise and references. The book provides the necessary mathematical background for readers from different areas, such as applied sciences, management sciences and operations research, which helps guide the development of practical models. As well as this the book also surveys the current practice in applied modelling and looks at new research areas for a general mathematical audience. This book will be of interest primarily to researchers, postgraduate students, as well as a wider scientific community, including those focussing on the subjects of applied mathematics, environmental sciences, economics, demography, management, and operations research.
Demographic Methods Across The Tree Of Life
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Author : Roberto Salguero-Gomez
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2021-08-31
Demographic Methods Across The Tree Of Life written by Roberto Salguero-Gomez and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-08-31 with Science categories.
Demography is everywhere in our lives: from birth to death. Indeed, the universal currencies of survival, development, reproduction, and recruitment shape the performance of all species, from microbes to humans. The number of techniques for demographic data acquisition and analyses across the entire tree of life (microbes, fungi, plants, and animals) has drastically increased in recent decades. These developments have been partially facilitated by the advent of technologies such as GIS and drones, as well as analytical methods including Bayesian statistics and high-throughput molecular analyses. However, despite the universality of demography and the significant research potential that could emerge from unifying: (i) questions across taxa, (ii) data collection protocols, and (iii) analytical tools, demographic methods to date have remained taxonomically siloed and methodologically disintegrated. This is the first book to attempt a truly unified approach to demography and population ecology in order to address a wide range of questions in ecology, evolution, and conservation biology across the entire spectrum of life. This novel book provides the reader with the fundamentals of data collection, model construction, analyses, and interpretation across a wide repertoire of demographic techniques and protocols. It introduces the novice demographer to a broad range of demographic methods, including abundance-based models, life tables, matrix population models, integral projection models, integrated population models, individual based models, and more. Through the careful integration of data collection methods, analytical approaches, and applications, clearly guided throughout with fully reproducible R scripts, the book provides an up-to-date and authoritative overview of the most popular and effective demographic tools. Demographic Methods across the Tree of Life is aimed at graduate students and professional researchers in the fields of demography, ecology, animal behaviour, genetics, evolutionary biology, mathematical biology, and wildlife management.
Stochastic Population Dynamics In Ecology And Conservation
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Author : Russell Lande
language : en
Publisher: OUP Oxford
Release Date : 2003
Stochastic Population Dynamics In Ecology And Conservation written by Russell Lande and has been published by OUP Oxford this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Mathematics categories.
1. Demographic and environmental stochasticity -- 2. Extinction dynamics -- 3. Age structure -- 4. Spatial structure -- 5. Population viability analysis -- 6. Sustainable harvesting -- 7. Species diversity -- 8. Community dynamics.
Sensitivity Analysis Matrix Methods In Demography And Ecology
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Author : Hal Caswell
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-04-02
Sensitivity Analysis Matrix Methods In Demography And Ecology written by Hal Caswell and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-04-02 with Social Science categories.
This open access book shows how to use sensitivity analysis in demography. It presents new methods for individuals, cohorts, and populations, with applications to humans, other animals, and plants. The analyses are based on matrix formulations of age-classified, stage-classified, and multistate population models. Methods are presented for linear and nonlinear, deterministic and stochastic, and time-invariant and time-varying cases. Readers will discover results on the sensitivity of statistics of longevity, life disparity, occupancy times, the net reproductive rate, and statistics of Markov chain models in demography. They will also see applications of sensitivity analysis to population growth rates, stable population structures, reproductive value, equilibria under immigration and nonlinearity, and population cycles. Individual stochasticity is a theme throughout, with a focus that goes beyond expected values to include variances in demographic outcomes. The calculations are easily and accurately implemented in matrix-oriented programming languages such as Matlab or R. Sensitivity analysis will help readers create models to predict the effect of future changes, to evaluate policy effects, and to identify possible evolutionary responses to the environment. Complete with many examples of the application, the book will be of interest to researchers and graduate students in human demography and population biology. The material will also appeal to those in mathematical biology and applied mathematics.
Population Dynamics Based On Individual Stochasticity
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Author : Ryo Oizumi
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2022-09-17
Population Dynamics Based On Individual Stochasticity written by Ryo Oizumi and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-09-17 with Social Science categories.
This book demonstrates that population structure and dynamics can be reconstructed by stochastic analysis. Population projection is usually based on age-structured population models. These models consist of age-dependent fertility and mortality, whereas birth and death processes generally arise from states of individuals. For example, a number of seeds are proportional to tree size, and amount of income and savings are the basis of decision making for birth behavior in human beings. Thus, even though individuals belong to an identical cohort, they have different fertility and mortality. To treat this kind of individual heterogeneity, stochastic state transitions are reasonable rather than the deterministic states. This book extends deterministic systems to stochastic systems specifically, constructing a state transition model represented by stochastic differential equations. The diffusion process generated by stochastic differential equations provides statistics determining population dynamics, i.e., heterogeneity is incorporated in population dynamics as its statistics. Applying this perspective to demography and evolutionary biology, we can consider the role of heterogeneity in life history or evolution. These concepts are provided to readers with explanations of stochastic analysis.
Conservation Of Wildlife Populations
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Author : L. Scott Mills
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2012-10-04
Conservation Of Wildlife Populations written by L. Scott Mills and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-10-04 with Science categories.
Population ecology has matured to a sophisticated science with astonishing potential for contributing solutions to wildlife conservation and management challenges. And yet, much of the applied power of wildlife population ecology remains untapped because its broad sweep across disparate subfields has been isolated in specialized texts. In this book, L. Scott Mills covers the full spectrum of applied wildlife population ecology, including genomic tools for non-invasive genetic sampling, predation, population projections, climate change and invasive species, harvest modeling, viability analysis, focal species concepts, and analyses of connectivity in fragmented landscapes. With a readable style, analytical rigor, and hundreds of examples drawn from around the world, Conservation of Wildlife Populations (2nd ed) provides the conceptual basis for applying population ecology to wildlife conservation decision-making. Although targeting primarily undergraduates and beginning graduate students with some basic training in basic ecology and statistics (in majors that could include wildlife biology, conservation biology, ecology, environmental studies, and biology), the book will also be useful for practitioners in the field who want to find - in one place and with plenty of applied examples - the latest advances in the genetic and demographic aspects of population ecology. Additional resources for this book can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/mills/wildlifepopulations.