Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization For Petroleum Geologists Geophysicists And Engineers
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Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization For Petroleum Geologists Geophysicists And Engineers
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Author : Roger M. Slatt
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2006-11-03
Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization For Petroleum Geologists Geophysicists And Engineers written by Roger M. Slatt and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-11-03 with Science categories.
Reservoir characterization as a discipline grew out of the recognition that more oil and gas could be extracted from reservoirs if the geology of the reservoir was understood. Prior to that awakening, reservoir development and production were the realm of the petroleum engineer. In fact, geologists of that time would have felt slighted if asked by corporate management to move from an exciting exploration assignment to a more mundane assignment working with an engineer to improve a reservoir's performance. Slowly, reservoir characterization came into its own as a quantitative, multidisciplinary endeavor requiring a vast array of skills and knowledge sets. Perhaps the biggest attractor to becoming a reservoir geologist was the advent of fast computing, followed by visualization programs and theaters, all of which allow young geoscientists to practice their computing skills in a highly technical work environment. Also, the discipline grew in parallel with the evolution of data integration and the advent of asset teams in the petroleum industry. Finally, reservoir characterization flourished with the quantum improvements that have occurred in geophysical acquisition and processing techniques and that allow geophysicists to image internal reservoir complexities.
Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization For Petroleum Geologists Geophysicists And Engineers
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Author : Roger M. Slatt
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-21
Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization For Petroleum Geologists Geophysicists And Engineers written by Roger M. Slatt and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-21 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization For Petroleum Geologists Geophysicists And Engineers
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Author : Roger M. Slatt
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-21
Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization For Petroleum Geologists Geophysicists And Engineers written by Roger M. Slatt and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-21 with Technology & Engineering categories.
In summary, physical, biogenic, and chemical sedimentary structures are important to many aspects of reservoir characterization and should be included in every characterization, whether the analyst is using cores, borehole-image logs, or an analog outcrop. Sedimentary structures provide important information about the depositional environment of the reservoir rock, and from that information, one can determine the extent and geometry of the reservoir, its trend, and any likely impediments to hydrocarbon production. Porosity and permeability and, in particular, fluid-flow paths are also affected and guided by how the sediment grains are arranged into specific structures. Finally, one should bear in mind that some sedimentary structures can produce misleading or erroneous well-log results.
Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization For Petroleum Geologists Geophysicists And Engineers
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Author : Roger M. Slatt
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-21
Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization For Petroleum Geologists Geophysicists And Engineers written by Roger M. Slatt and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-21 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Certain parts of this chapter have been taken directly from the publication Important geological properties of unconventional resource shales, by Roger M. Slatt, published in the fourth-quarter issue of the Central European Journal of Geosciences (2011). The journal’s permission to reproduce those parts of that paper here is gratefully acknowledged.
Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization For Petroleum Geologists Geophysicists And Engineers
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Author : Fuge Zou
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-21
Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization For Petroleum Geologists Geophysicists And Engineers written by Fuge Zou and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-21 with Technology & Engineering categories.
In this chapter, the principles of reservoir modeling, workflows and their applications have been summarized. Reservoir modeling is a multi-disciplinary process that requires cooperation from geologists, geophysicists, reservoir engineers, petrophysics and financial individuals, working in a team setting. The best model is one that provides quantitative properties of the reservoir, though this is often difficult to achieve. There are three broad steps in the modeling process. The team needs to first evaluate the data quality, plan the proper modeling workflow, and understand the range of uncertainties of the reservoir. The second step is data preparation and interpretation, which can be a long, tedious, but essential process, which may include multiple iterations of quality control, interpretation, calibration and tests. The third step is determining whether to build a deterministic (single, data-based model) or stochastic (multiple geostatistical iterations) model. The modeling approach may be decided by the quality and quantity of the data. There is no single rule of thumb because no two reservoirs are identical. Object-based stochastic modeling is the most widely used modeling method today. The modeling results need to be constrained and refined by both geologic and mathematical validation. Variogram analysis is very important in quality control of object-based stochastic modeling. Outcrops are excellent sources of continuous data which can be incorporated into subsurface reservoir modeling either by 1) building an outcrop “reservoir” model, or 2) identifying and developing outcrop analogs of subsurface reservoirs. Significant upscaling of a reservoir model for flow simulation may well result in an erroneous history match because the upscaling process often deletes lateral and vertical heterogeneities which may control or affect reservoir performance, particularly in a deterministic model. Reservoir uncertainties are easier to manipulate by object-based stochastic models. Choosing the best realization approach for the reservoir model is the key to predicting reservoir performance in the management of reservoirs.
The Practice Of Reservoir Engineering Revised Edition
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Author : L.P. Dake
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2001-05-10
The Practice Of Reservoir Engineering Revised Edition written by L.P. Dake and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-05-10 with Business & Economics categories.
This revised edition of the bestselling Practice of Reservoir Engineering has been written for those in the oil industry requiring a working knowledge of how the complex subject of hydrocarbon reservoir engineering can be applied in the field in a practical manner. Containing additions and corrections to the first edition, the book is a simple statement of how to do the job and is particularly suitable for reservoir/production engineers as well as those associated with hydrocarbon recovery. This practical book approaches the basic limitations of reservoir engineering with the basic tenet of science: Occam's Razor, which applies to reservoir engineering to a greater extent than for most physical sciences - if there are two ways to account for a physical phenomenon, it is the simpler that is the more useful. Therefore, simplicity is the theme of this volume. Reservoir and production engineers, geoscientists, petrophysicists, and those involved in the management of oil and gas fields will want this edition.
Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization For Petroleum Geologists Geophysicists And Engineers
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Author : Roger M. Slatt
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-21
Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization For Petroleum Geologists Geophysicists And Engineers written by Roger M. Slatt and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-21 with Technology & Engineering categories.
There are many tools and techniques for characterizing oil and gas reservoirs. Seismic-reflection techniques include conventional 2D and 3D seismic, 4D time-lapse seismic, multicomponent seismic, crosswell seismic, seismic inversion, and seismic attribute analysis, all designed to enhance stratigraphy/structure detection, resolution, and characterization. These techniques are constantly being improved. Drilling and coring a well provides the “ground truth” for seismic interpretation. Rock formations are directly sampled by cuttings and by core and indirectly characterized with a variety of conventional and specialized well logs. To maximize characterization and optimize production, many of these tools as possible should be employed. It is often less expensive to utilize a wide variety of tools that directly image or measure reservoir properties at different scales than to drill one or two dry holes.
Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization For Petroleum Geologists Geophysicists And Engineers
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Author : Roger M. Slatt
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-21
Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization For Petroleum Geologists Geophysicists And Engineers written by Roger M. Slatt and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-21 with Technology & Engineering categories.
The concept of long periods of time being required for reservoirs to assume their present form is difficult to grasp, particularly for those individuals who track daily oil and gas production from reservoirs. However, the lengthy formative processes for hydrocarbon reservoirs can be understood, and this understanding is important for proper knowledge of why a reservoir is configured the way it is. The geologic time scale is divided into a series of time intervals that are based on significant events in the geologic record. Various temporal names applied to rock units commonly are used and must be recognized by people studying reservoirs. For a simple example, a Cretaceous reservoir rock was not deposited at the same time as a Devonian reservoir rock. The time during which a rock formed is dated by two means: absolute dating and relative dating. Absolute dating refers to the analysis of radioactive components in a mineral (within a rock), which provides the age at which the mineral formed (solidified) in the rock. Such techniques are used mainly for igneous rocks that cool directly from magma, but some chemically precipitated minerals and cements in sedimentary rocks can be dated in this manner. More common to the study of sedimentary rocks is relative age dating, where the age of a particular rock is determined relative to its position within a stratigraphic succession. If sedimentary rocks are crosscut by datable igneous rocks, sometimes the absolute age range of deposition of the sedimentary rock can be determined. An analysis of microorganisms in sediments and sedimentary rocks can provide a useful means of establishing rock zonations (biozones) and sometimes for determining absolute age. Micropaleontology, biostratigraphy, and palynology are critical disciplines in the petroleum industry, for exploration and for reservoir characterization. In addition to providing a means for absolute dating of sedimentary rocks, high-resolution biostratigraphy and palynology can aid in (1) interpreting stratigraphic intervals and their ages on seismic reflection profiles, (2) correlating between-well stratigraphic and temporal relationships, (3) determining sedimentation rates, and (4) determining depositional environments and changes in environments over time. Walther’s law of succession of sedimentary facies is key to understanding the origin of sedimentary deposits and reservoirs. It is a fundamental principle that is the backbone of stratigraphy. Stratigraphic sequences, such as those that comprise reservoirs, exhibit systematic and somewhat predictable vertical stacking patterns that are explained by Walther’s law. By understanding the vertical stratigraphy of a reservoir, one can make improved interpretations of the lateral (dis)continuity of reservoir intervals.
Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization For Petroleum Geologists Geophysicists And Engineers
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Author : Roger M. Slatt
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-21
Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization For Petroleum Geologists Geophysicists And Engineers written by Roger M. Slatt and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-21 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Globally, deltas often contain major oil and gas reservoirs. The geometry, size, and internal architecture of deltas are functions of many variables related to the delta's mode of formation. A tripartite classification of deltas, into river-, wave-, and tide-dominated deltas, has been a standard for many years. However, even within each of these delta types, the distribution of properties can vary considerably depending on the delta’s depositional history and the relative influence of rivers, waves, and tides. With regard to reservoir performance and optimization, perhaps the most significant difference in delta properties is in orientation and continuity of sand (reservoir) and shale (barrier) trends. Reservoir quality also varies according to the facies within the delta. To maximize hydrocarbon production, it is not sufficient to merely classify the reservoir as a delta. A complete understanding of the characteristics and variations of an individual delta’s reservoir is required for proper well placement and reservoir management.
Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization For Petroleum Geologists Geophysicists And Engineers
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Author : Roger M. Slatt
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-21
Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization For Petroleum Geologists Geophysicists And Engineers written by Roger M. Slatt and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-21 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Reservoir quality controls the storage, distribution, and flow of fluids within a reservoir. Porosity and permeability are key parameters that are readily measured on rock samples and from well logs; with calibration, porosity can be mapped from 3D seismic surveys. If core material is obtained from a well and porosity and permeability measurements are made on the core, the values can be compared with porosity logs and a permeability log can be developed. Although “flow units” can be determined using a suite of geologic and petrophysical parameters, method uses only the three easily obtained wellbore parameters of porosity, permeability, and thickness to calculate flow units in terms of their capacity to store and transmit fluids within the reservoir. Three-dimensional flow-unit models of a reservoir can be used for reservoir fluid-flow and performance simulation. Flow units can be upscaled, as needed, to meet the requirements of computing time and capability. Capillary properties of a rock also affect the storage and flow of fluids through the rock. Capillary properties are routinely measured and used to determine fluid saturations, height of the oil column above the free water level, and maximum height of the column that can be retained by a reservoir topseal. These are very important parameters for characterizing a reservoir for development and management purposes. Values of porosity, permeability, and capillarity will vary not only according to the nature of rocks comprising a reservoir but also according to the way in which the values were obtained. Caution is the key to interpreting laboratory-derived data, and it is worth knowing just how and where on a rock sample the measurements were made prior to using them for reservoir characterization. Also, upscaling or averaging values such as Sw can provide misleading results, particularly in thin-bedded stratigraphic intervals. The greater the amount of upscaling, the less realistic the reservoir geologic model becomes!