Streamline Simulation
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Streamline Simulation
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Author : Akhil Datta-Gupta
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Streamline Simulation written by Akhil Datta-Gupta and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Business & Economics categories.
Streamline-Simulation emphasizes the unique features of streamline technology that in many ways complement conventional finite-difference simulation. It fills gaps in the mathematical foundations.
A Numerical Sensitivity Analysis Of Streamline Simulation
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Author : Fady Ruben Chaban Habib
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
A Numerical Sensitivity Analysis Of Streamline Simulation written by Fady Ruben Chaban Habib and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with categories.
Nowadays, field development strategy has become increasingly dependent on the results of reservoir simulation models. Reservoir studies demand fast and efficient results to make investment decisions that require a reasonable trade off between accuracy and simulation time. One of the suitable options to fulfill this requirement is streamline reservoir simulation technology, which has become very popular in the last few years. Streamline (SL) simulation provides an attractive alternative to conventional reservoir simulation because SL offers high computational efficiency and minimizes numerical diffusion and grid orientation effects. However, streamline methods have weaknesses incorporating complex physical processes and can also suffer numerical accuracy problems. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the numerical accuracy of the latest SL technology, and examine the influence of different factors that may impact the solution of SL simulation models. An extensive number of numerical experiments based on sensitivity analysis were performed to determine the effects of various influential elements on the stability and results of the solution. Those experiments were applied to various models to identify the impact of factors such as mobility ratios, mapping of saturation methods, number of streamlines, time step sizes, and gravity effects. This study provides a detailed investigation of some fundamental issues that are currently unresolved in streamline simulation.
Industrial Compositional Streamline Simulation For Efficient And Accurate Prediction Of Gas Injection And Wag Processes
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Industrial Compositional Streamline Simulation For Efficient And Accurate Prediction Of Gas Injection And Wag Processes written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.
Gas-injection processes are widely and increasingly used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In the United States, for example, EOR production by gas injection accounts for approximately 45% of total EOR production and has tripled since 1986. The understanding of the multiphase, multicomponent flow taking place in any displacement process is essential for successful design of gas-injection projects. Due to complex reservoir geometry, reservoir fluid properties and phase behavior, the design of accurate and efficient numerical simulations for the multiphase, multicomponent flow governing these processes is nontrivial. In this work, we developed, implemented and tested a streamline based solver for gas injection processes that is computationally very attractive: as compared to traditional Eulerian solvers in use by industry it computes solutions with a computational speed orders of magnitude higher and a comparable accuracy provided that cross-flow effects do not dominate. We contributed to the development of compositional streamline solvers in three significant ways: improvement of the overall framework allowing improved streamline coverage and partial streamline tracing, amongst others; parallelization of the streamline code, which significantly improves wall clock time; and development of new compositional solvers that can be implemented along streamlines as well as in existing Eulerian codes used by industry. We designed several novel ideas in the streamline framework. First, we developed an adaptive streamline coverage algorithm. Adding streamlines locally can reduce computational costs by concentrating computational efforts where needed, and reduce mapping errors. Adapting streamline coverage effectively controls mass balance errors that mostly result from the mapping from streamlines to pressure grid. We also introduced the concept of partial streamlines: streamlines that do not necessarily start and/or end at wells. This allows more efficient coverage and avoids the redundant work generally done in the near-well regions. We improved the accuracy of the streamline simulator with a higher order mapping from pressure grid to streamlines that significantly reduces smoothing errors, and a Kriging algorithm is used to map from the streamlines to the background grid. The higher accuracy of the Kriging mapping means that it is not essential for grid blocks to be crossed by one or more streamlines. The higher accuracy comes at the price of increased computational costs, but allows coarser coverage and so does not generally increase the overall costs of the computations. To reduce errors associated with fixing the pressure field between pressure updates, we developed a higher order global time-stepping method that allows the use of larger global time steps. Third-order ENO schemes are suggested to propagate components along streamlines. Both in the two-phase and three-phase experiments these ENO schemes outperform other (higher order) upwind schemes. Application of the third order ENO scheme leads to overall computational savings because the computational grid used can be coarsened. Grid adaptivity along streamlines is implemented to allow sharp but efficient resolution of solution fronts at reduced computational costs when displacement fronts are sufficiently separated. A correction for Volume Change On Mixing (VCOM) is implemented that is very effective at handling this effect. Finally, a specialized gravity operator splitting method is proposed for use in compositional streamline methods that gives an effective correction of gravity segregation. A significant part of our effort went into the development of a parallelization strategy for streamline solvers on the next generation shared memory machines. We found in this work that the built-in dynamic scheduling strategies of OpenMP lead to parallel efficiencies that are comparable to optimal schedules obtained with customized explicit load balancing strategies as long as the ratio of number of streamlines to number of threads is sufficiently high, which is the case in real-field applications. This is an important result, as it eases the transition of serial to parallel streamline codes. The parallel speedup itself depends on the relative contribution of the tracing and mapping stages as compared to the solution of the transport equations along streamlines. As the physical complexity of the simulated 1D transport process increases, the contribution of the less efficient tracing and mapping stages is reduced and near-linear scalabilities can be obtained. Our work clearly shows that the owner approach, in which threads are assigned whole streamlines, is more attractive than a distributed model, in which streamline segments are assigned to threads, because it allows re-use of existing sequential code for the 1D streamline solves, also for implicit time-stepping algorithms.
Getting Up To Speed
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Author : Marco R. Thiele
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Getting Up To Speed written by Marco R. Thiele and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Electronic books categories.
A Semi Analytical Streamline Simulation In Near Wellbore Regions And Its Applications Under Constant Pressure Boundaries
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Author : Xiaoyan Tang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
A Semi Analytical Streamline Simulation In Near Wellbore Regions And Its Applications Under Constant Pressure Boundaries written by Xiaoyan Tang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Streamline simulation is a powerful tool that can be used for full field forecasting, history matching, flood optimization, and displacement visualization. This research thesis presents the extension of a semi-analytical streamline simulation method and its application in the near-wellbore region in two-dimensional polar coordinate systems and three-dimensional cylindrical coordinate systems. The main objective of this research thesis is to study the effects of the permeability heterogeneity and well completion details in the near-wellbore region. These effects dictate the streamline geometries, which in turn influence well productivity. It is revealed that the semianalytical streamline simulation method developed in this research thesis is the only known streamline method with sufficient accuracy for streamline simulation in polar/ cylindrical geometries. Previous streamline applications used a constant flow rate condition for each stream tube. However, wells in low permeability reservoirs are often produced at constant pressure. In this research thesis, streamline simulation is performed under constant pressure boundaries. This is a novel and non-trivial extension of streamline simulation. The semi-anlytical streamline method is applied in the perforated wells. Results indicate that it is the only method that can accurately simulate the streamline path in such wells. A new skin calculation method based on the semi-anlytical streamline simulation method is introduced and applied in perforated wells. This new skin calculation method is believed to be superior and can be used to examine the effect of the perforation parameters. It provides useful information for evaluating the well completion strategy. In this work, the two-phase displacement process is simulated along stream tubes. Solutions are constructed by treating each stream tube as a flow unit by invoking novel analytical solutions for such geometries. Visualization experiments are direct ways to investigate the effect of the heterogeneity on flow distribution. Two-dimensional radial waterflooding visualization experiments are performed under constant pressure boundaries for homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media. The homogenous case is used to history match and determine the relative permeabilities. Using these relative permeabilities, the semi-analytical streamline simulation method is independently validated against the results from the heterogeneous visualization experiments.
A New Semi Analytical Streamline Simulator And Its Applications To Modelling Waterflooding Experiments
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Author : Nan Zhang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
A New Semi Analytical Streamline Simulator And Its Applications To Modelling Waterflooding Experiments written by Nan Zhang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Reservoir simulation is a tool to model the fluid flow in a reservoir over time. Streamline simulation has been proven to be an efficient approach for fine-scale geology models. With the development of engineering applications of streamline methods, researchers are now facing more challenges, for example, 1) tracing streamlines in structurally complex reservoirs; 2) improving the computational accuracy and efficiency for modeling transport problems. This research offers significant potential to meet these challenges. More specifically, this research is mainly focused on the development of a new three-dimensional, two-phase streamline simulator (using Matlab) that can model real physical displacement processes in a fast and accurate manner. This streamline simulator solves the pressure and saturation equations sequentially. First, streamlines are traced by pressure distribution approximations; and then transport problems are solved along streamlines. This new streamline simulator applies new semi-analytical methods to trace streamlines, including the Bilinear, Trilinear and Cubic methods. These methods generate streamlines based on pressure distribution approximations using piece-wise polynomials. Then the velocity field, streamline trajectory functions, and time-of-flight (the time a particle takes to travel along a streamline) are derived accordingly. The new streamline method and Pollcok's method are systemically compared via pressure and velocity approximations, plus streamline determinations. Through these comparisons, the new methods are proven to be more accurate than Pollock's method, especially in heterogeneous problems and/or when grid resolution is low. When certain initial conditions are imposed, this new streamline simulator applies a Riemann approach to solving transport problems along streamlines. Standard streamline simulators apply the classical Riemann solution under constant total flow rate conditions. However, the boundary conditions can also be specified by constant injection and production pressures. In this case, the flow rate varies with time, and a new semi-analytical Riemann solver presented in this thesis can be applied to map the Riemann solution along streamlines in terms of time-of-flight. Through a series of case studies using different reservoir properties, the abilities of the new streamline simulator to give sufficiently accurate solutions for homogeneous, heterogeneous, and anisotropic problems are demonstrated. Moreover, a large mobility ratio range (0.5 to 50) is tested to evaluate the performance of this streamline simulator. Through comparisons with a standard reservoir simulator (Eclipse100, Schlumberger) in these cases studies, it is demonstrated that this new streamline simulator significantly enhances the calculation speed and improves the accuracy of simulations when the underlying assumptions are valid. Finally, the ability of the new simulator is validated and demonstrated by modeling physical waterflooding displacements. This is the first time that waterflooding experiments are performed under constant differential pressure boundaries in a two-dimensional heterogeneous macro-model. Two experiments with the same reservoir and fluid properties are performed under different boundary conditions. The new simulator is applied to history match and simulate these two experiments. The predicted and observed results show excellent agreement. The flow behavior of the fluid under a constant pressure boundary is also well understood by using the visual power of the simulator. We conclude that the new streamline simulator is very efficient and accurate in physical waterflooding processes simulations when the viscous force dominates the flow.
Near Well Streamline Simulation Utilizing A Co Axial Cylindrical Grid Structure
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Author : Justin C. Pittman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Near Well Streamline Simulation Utilizing A Co Axial Cylindrical Grid Structure written by Justin C. Pittman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Hydrocarbon reservoirs categories.
Timestep Selection During Streamline Simulation Via Transverse Flux Correction
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Author : Ichiro Osako
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Timestep Selection During Streamline Simulation Via Transverse Flux Correction written by Ichiro Osako and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with categories.
Streamline simulators have received increased attention because of their ability to effectively handle multimillion cell detailed geologic models and large simulation models. The efficiency of streamline simulation has relied primarily on their ability to take large timesteps with fewer pressure solutions within an IMPES formulation. However, unlike conventional finite-difference simulators, no clear guidelines are currently available for the choice of timestep for pressure and velocity updates. That is why we need largely an uncontrolled approximation, either managed by engineering judgment or by potentially time-consuming timestep size sensitivity studies early in a project. This will clearly lead us to the lack of understanding of numerical stability and error estimates during the solution. This research presents a novel approach for timestep selection during streamline simulation that is based on three elements. First, we reformulate the equations to be solved by a streamline simulator to include all of the three-dimensional flux terms - both aligned with and transverse to the flow directions. These transverse flux terms are totally neglected within the existing streamline simulation formulations. Second, we propose a simple grid-based corrector algorithm to update the saturation to account for the transverse flux. Third, we provide a discrete CFL (Courant-Friedrich-Levy) formulation for the corrector step that leads to a mechanism to ensure numerical stability via the choice of a stable timestep for pressure updates. This discrete CFL formulation now provides us with the same tools for timestep control as are available within conventional reservoir simulators. We demonstrate the validity and utility of our approach using a series of numerical experiments in homogeneous and heterogeneous ơ five-spot patterns at various mobility ratios. For these numerical experiments, we pay particular attention to favorable mobility ratio displacements, as they are known to be challenging to streamline simulation. Our results clearly demonstrate the impact of the transverse flux correction on the accuracy of the solution and on the appropriate choice of timestep, across a range of mobility ratios. The proposed approach eliminates much of the subjectivity associated with streamline simulation, and provides a basis for automatic control of pressure timestep within full field streamline applications.
Use Of Streamline Simulation In Large Scale Reservoir Geomechanical Modeling Of Reservoirs
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Author : Behrooz Koohmareh Hosseini
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Use Of Streamline Simulation In Large Scale Reservoir Geomechanical Modeling Of Reservoirs written by Behrooz Koohmareh Hosseini and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Hydrocarbons categories.
The increasing demand for hydrocarbons and decreasing reserves have created the necessity to produce oil and gas more efficiently and economically. Increasingly, oil and gas companies are focusing on unconventional hydrocarbons; oil sands, shales and CBM. For this class of reservoir materials, the geomechanical response of the reservoir can play an important role in the recovery process. For naturally fractured, stress sensitive reservoirs or thermal recovery processes, geomechanical processes play an even greater role in efficient, economic recovery. For simulations of these processes, most research efforts have been focused on reservoir geomechanical simulations using conventional reservoir simulators coupled to geomechanical codes. While coupled reservoir-geomechanics modeling has been recently widely studied in the literature, there is no applicable methodology implemented or proposed to mitigate the challenging computational cost involved with the inclusion of geomechanics in large multimillion-cell reservoirs. Past studies so far have focused on different coupling schemes, but not on the efficient and robust simulation workflows. This research was conducted with the aim of development and application of various different strategies to include geomechanics into reservoir simulation workflows in large scale reservoirs and in a timely fashion process. The research was performed to allow the future simulators to perform high resolution reservoir-geomechanical simulations in a large scale (near field and far field) with long simulation time windows and lowest computational cost. Initially, analytical proxies were developed and recommending for implementation in lieu of complex reservoir simulations. The analytical model was for prediction of heavy oil geomechanical responses everywhere in the reservoir. The model adopted the use of the mathematical domain decomposition technique and a novel temperature front tracking developed in the very early stage of the research. As opposed to classical analytical models, the proxy predicted reservoir flow and mechanical behavior (on a synthetic case geometry with real hydraulic data) everywhere in the reservoir and in dynamic and transient flow regimes. Subsequent research was aimed at reservoir-geomechanics coupled model order reduction by use of a numerical proxy. The proxy took advantage of streamline linear space behavior and power in decomposition of the reservoir domain into sub-systems (delineation/drainage areas). The combination of localization and linearization allowed predicting both mechanical and fluid flow responses of the reservoir with only solving the pressure equation in Cartesian underlying 3D grids and the solution of saturation transport equation along only one streamline. Following this, a streamline-based reservoir-geomechanics coupling was proposed and was implemented within a Fortran-C++ based platform. The new developed technique was compared in terms of computational cost and results accuracy with the conventional hydromechanical coupling strategy that was developed on a C++ based platform by use of collocated FV-FEM discretization scheme. One of the final stages of the research explored different streamline-based reservoir-geomechanics coupling strategies for full-field reservoir simulations. Various coupling strategies including sequential coupling schemes and a semi-fully coupling scheme to embed geomechanics into streamline simulation workflow was developed and performed. Numerical software with advanced GUI was coded on QT programming language (C++ based) developed to couple mechanical simulator to streamline simulation engine. While streamline simulations were the center of the research, the last stage of research was conducted on numerical and physical stability, convergence and material balance errors of SL-based reservoir-geomechanics class of couplings. The results provided a solid foundation for proper selection of time-steps in SL-based coupling to ensure a numerically stable and physically robust hydromechanical simulation. As a result we showed that use of streamline simulation in both proxy forms and simulator forms have significant added value in full-field reservoir-geomechanics simulations.
Streamline Simulation With Capillary Effects Applied To Petroleum Engineering Problems
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Author : Roman A. Berenblyum
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Streamline Simulation With Capillary Effects Applied To Petroleum Engineering Problems written by Roman A. Berenblyum and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with categories.