Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
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Author : David C. Klein
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 1991
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus written by David C. Klein and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Medical categories.
Based on a conference funded by the National Institutes of Health, this timely book is the most up-to-date and definitive reference on the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the part of the brain that controls circadian rhythms in mammals. These biological rhythms range from daily fluctuations in metabolism to seasonal and annual cycles. This book comprehensive and incisive review of the SCN covers anatomy and physiology, intrinsic SCN rhythms, circadian rhythms, neuropharmacology, transplants, and development.
Autonomic Nervous System
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Author : Ruud M. Buijs
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-11
Autonomic Nervous System written by Ruud M. Buijs and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-11 with Medical categories.
Our biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), sets the pace of our life: it provides a rhythmic function to our sleep–wake cycle. In order to do so properly the SCN synchronizes our physiology to behavioral patterns by directing the autonomic and hormonal output of the hypothalamus to the different organs of the body that require a different setting – activity or inactivity – during particular phases of the day or night. In this chapter we show that this delicate balance requires that the SCN should not only provide an output to these organs but also be informed about the physiological state of the organs in order to adapt its output. This occurs via a hypothalamic neuronal network that provides the necessary input to the SCN. We argue that the feedback that the SCN receives from its hypothalamic target structures is essential to maintain a balance in our physiological functions, which fluctuate during the sleep–wake cycle. We propose that this crucial role of the hypothalamus in the homeostatic response is the reason why, e.g., in aging or depression, changes in the functioning of the biological clock, the SCN, lead to the development of pathology. In addition, if this balance is not adequately organized, for example, if the signals of the biological clock are violated by being active and eating during the night, as in shift work, one will be more susceptible to diseases such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.
New Functional Aspects Of The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Of The Hypothalamus
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Author : Hachiro Nakagawa
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
New Functional Aspects Of The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Of The Hypothalamus written by Hachiro Nakagawa and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Circadian rhythms categories.
Hypothalamic Integration Of Circadian Rhythms
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Author : R.M. Buijs
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 1996-12-03
Hypothalamic Integration Of Circadian Rhythms written by R.M. Buijs and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996-12-03 with Science categories.
The International Summer School of Brain Research, on which this book is based, was organized by the Netherlands Institute for Brain research (NIBR), which has a rich history dating back to the beginning of the century. The focus of interest in this present volume of Progress in Brain Research are the few thousand neurons at the base of the hypothalamus that form the biological clock. Attention is focused on the mechanisms underlying the generation of circadian rhythmicity within our biological clock, which is still far from understood. Contributions originating from many disciplines give updates on the latest theories on the molecular and electrophysiological basis of the pacemaker mechanism, and the various approaches used in different species. Attention is also paid to the way the signal of the biological clock is transferred to the rest of the central nervous system. New data on the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and its impact on the functioning of the human being is presented. Altogether an excellent volume which will further the understanding of this elusive material.
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Scn And The Control Behavioral Autonomic And Endocrine Circadian Rhythms In The Golden Hamster
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Author : Jennifer Lynn Nelms
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Scn And The Control Behavioral Autonomic And Endocrine Circadian Rhythms In The Golden Hamster written by Jennifer Lynn Nelms and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with categories.
The overall goal of these studies was to determine the nature of the signals used by circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to convey the time of day information to the rest of the organism. In these studies, we used the Syrian hamster as a model for investigating behavioral and autonomic outputs of the SCN. In the first part of the dissertation, a technique was developed to pre label fetal hypothalamic transplants and their efferents. This was done with the eventual aim of using this marker to correlate the pattern of outgrowth of fetal SCN grafts with the recovery of specific rhythms. The second part of the dissertation explored the role of SCN neural efferents in the control of circadian rhythms using knife cuts to create "SCN islands" within the hypothalamus. Rhythms in activity, drinking, heart rate and body temperature persisted after knife cuts that isolated the SCN and interrupted its projections, suggesting that neural efferents are not necessary for these rhythms and cons istent with evidence of a diffusible signal emitted from the SCN. The third and final part of the dissertation examined the ability of fetal SCN grafts to restore multiple rhythms to SCN-lesioned, arrhythmic hosts. Circadian mutant hamsters were used as either hosts or donors, allowing us to unambiguously attribute restored rhythms to the presence of the grafted tissue. In a majority of recipients, fetal SCN grafts simultaneously restored multiple rhythms in activity, drinking, heart rate and body temperature. Together, these studies confirm the role of the SCN in the generation of these diverse behavioral and autonomic rhythms, as well as suggest that a diffusible signal may be responsible for conveying circadian information to the rest of the organism.
Neuronal Input Pathways To The Brain S Biological Clock And Their Functional Significance
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Author : Jens Hannibal
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2005-12-12
Neuronal Input Pathways To The Brain S Biological Clock And Their Functional Significance written by Jens Hannibal and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-12-12 with Medical categories.
Rhythmic changes in physiology and behaviour within a 24 h period occur in living organisms on earth to meet the challenges associated with the daily changes in the external environment. The circadian pacemaker responsible for the temporal internal organisation and the generation of endogenous rhythms of approximately 24 h is located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in mammals. The endogenous period generated by the pacemaker is close to, but generally not equal to 24 h and the biological clock therefore needs to be daily adjusted (entrained) by external cues. The daily alteration of light and darkness due to the rotation of our planet on its own axis in relation to the sun is the most prominent "zeitgeber" which adjusts the phase of the circadian rhythms to the astronomical day length, a process known as photoentrainment. In mammals, light is perceived only through photoreceptors located in the retina. Light information is mediated to the SCN via the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) by activation of the classical photoreceptor system of rods and cones and a more recently identified system of intrinsic photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) using melanopsin as a photopigment.
Astrocytes Regulate Daily Rhythms In The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Scn And Behavior
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Author : Chak Foon Tso
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Astrocytes Regulate Daily Rhythms In The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Scn And Behavior written by Chak Foon Tso and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Electronic dissertations categories.
Astrocytes are active partners in neural information processing. However, the roles of astrocytes in regulating behavior remain unclear. Because astrocytes have persistent circadian clock gene expression and ATP release in vitro, I hypothesized that they regulate daily rhythms in neurons and behavior. Here, I demonstrated that daily rhythms in astrocytes within the mammalian master circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), determine the period of wheel-running activity. Ablating the essential clock gene Bmal1 specifically in SCN astrocytes lengthened the circadian period of clock gene expression in the SCN and in locomotor behavior. Similarly, excision of the short-period CK1[epsilon] tau mutation specifically from SCN astrocytes also resulted in lengthened rhythms in the SCN and behavior. These results indicate that astrocytes within the SCN communicate to neurons to determine circadian rhythms in physiology and in wheel-running activity. As a first step to understanding how the two cell types interact, I attempted to delineate the circadian phase relationship of clock gene expression between neurons and astrocytes. With limited success, I will discuss both preliminary findings and challenges I faced. Lastly, I will present SCN single-cell transcriptomics data as a first step to understand properties of SCN astrocytes and diversity of SCN cell types. Clock genes enriched in SCN astrocytes identified by single-cell transcriptomics here can serve as a launching point to investigate how SCN astrocytes communicate to SCN neurons.
Synchronization And Potassium Currents In Neurons Of The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus The Biological Clock
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Author : Yona Bouskila
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Synchronization And Potassium Currents In Neurons Of The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus The Biological Clock written by Yona Bouskila and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with categories.
Transients And Bifurcations Of The Mammalian Circadian System
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Author : Adrián E. Granada
language : en
Publisher: Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH
Release Date : 2011
Transients And Bifurcations Of The Mammalian Circadian System written by Adrián E. Granada and has been published by Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Science categories.
Many organisms have an endogenous oscillatory system that controls their daily rhythms in physiology, metabolism and behaviour. In mammals, these oscillations are found in almost every cell and are orchestrated by a tiny brain area: the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). This central pacemaker contains thousands of heterogeneous neurons that oscillate in a synchronized fashion and generate a robust about-a-day pace for the body. One of the fundamental properties of the SCN is to keep its internal period in synchrony with the external 24 hour environmental cycle, i.e., to entrain to the external recurring environment. Many properties of this complex network of coupled entrainable oscillators are poorly understood and the present work deals with some of these open questions.
A Time For Metabolism And Hormones
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Author : Paolo Sassone-Corsi
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-04-04
A Time For Metabolism And Hormones written by Paolo Sassone-Corsi and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-04-04 with Medical categories.
Recent years have seen spectacular advances in the field of circadian biology. These have attracted the interest of researchers in many fields, including endocrinology, neurosciences, cancer, and behavior. By integrating a circadian view within the fields of endocrinology and metabolism, researchers will be able to reveal many, yet-unsuspected aspects of how organisms cope with changes in the environment and subsequent control of homeostasis. This field is opening new avenues in our understanding of metabolism and endocrinology. A panel of the most distinguished investigators in the field gathered together to discuss the present state and the future of the field. The editors trust that this volume will be of use to those colleagues who will be picking up the challenge to unravel how the circadian clock can be targeted for the future development of specific pharmacological strategies toward a number of pathologies.