Symposium Of Risk Assessment Of Urban Air
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Symposium Of Risk Assessment Of Urban Air Emissions Exposure Risk Identification And Risk Quantitation
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Author : Symposium of Risk Assessment of Urban Air: Emissions, Exposure, Risk Identification, and Risk Quantitation. 1992, Stockholm
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Symposium Of Risk Assessment Of Urban Air Emissions Exposure Risk Identification And Risk Quantitation written by Symposium of Risk Assessment of Urban Air: Emissions, Exposure, Risk Identification, and Risk Quantitation. 1992, Stockholm and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with categories.
Symposium Of Risk Assessment Of Urban Air Emissions Exposure Risk Identification And Risk Quantitation
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Symposium Of Risk Assessment Of Urban Air Emissions Exposure Risk Identification And Risk Quantitation written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with categories.
Symposium Of Risk Assessment Of Urban Air
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Symposium Of Risk Assessment Of Urban Air written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Air categories.
Risk Assessment Of Urban Air
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Risk Assessment Of Urban Air written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Air categories.
Environmental Health Perspectives
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Environmental Health Perspectives written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Environmental health categories.
Epa S Urban Air Toxics Strategy
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Author : Renee J. Robins
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1999
Epa S Urban Air Toxics Strategy written by Renee J. Robins and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with categories.
Executive summary: The Summer Air Symposium is a continuation of conferences established in 1993 for the purpose of informing decision makers on scientific aspects of important air pollution issues. Participation is limited to invited members of the scientific, regulatory, industrial, and public interest communities. The small size of the group promotes discussions that have led to important progress on ideas for improvements in air pollution control. The conference is co-sponsored by a variety of organizations (see Appendix I). The objective of the 1999 Symposium was to discuss scientific aspects of EPA's Urban Air Toxics Strategy, including the influence of science on policy and the influence of policy on scientific research. Specific questions to be addressed include: * What is known? * What are the uncertainties and their magnitude? * What research should be done? The EPA Urban Air Toxics Strategy is a new type of undertaking because it's a strategy, not a rule. It sets priorities and a schedule for ongoing action. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) identify 189 pollutants as air toxics. The CAAA establish a two-step approach for regulating these pollutants: (1) standard setting, which is designed to get broad reductions across the board, along with incidental reductions from mobile source programs, and (2) determination of whether additional reductions are needed to protect health and the environment. The Urban Air Toxics Strategy, residual risk standards, and mobile source study and standards come under the second step. The biggest challenge is to regulate while we're still learning: source inventories are evolving and our understanding of atmospheric transformation and cumulative effects is still incomplete. The paradigm is: source --> ambient conc. --> exposure -> dose --> effect control. Sources present a complex challenge. There are multiple pollutants, multiple sources, and we only have primitive emission characterization. Many ambient pollutants result from transformation in the atmosphere. Monitoring has provided some ambient data-showing some downward trends-but by no means enough. We need a national system, but need to be careful not to overbuild, for resources might be better used elsewhere. There are a lot of existing data that could be analyzed. Data challenges include a lack of prescribed methods and a need to better understand variability. States need to Ok participate in decisions concerning when and how to act. Exposure is the connection between ambient concentrations and health effects. For toxics, there is a special need to understand indoor vs. outdoor sources and exposures. Indoor exposures are poorly understood. We need to develop source apportionment tools, and this is critical to developing costeffective control strategies. The Cumulative Exposure Project is a major effort to address all sources, and it has come reasonably close to monitored levels. It is being brought into the Urban Air Toxics Strategy and updated (NATA). The challenges are dealing with a 1990 inventory, improving the quality of modeling, and public/risk communication. MATES II is an example of a very community-oriented attempt to do some of these same things. Diesel and mercury are in some sense the easy cases. We understand the sources, have health data, and there is a history and technology of controlling emissions. With respect to diesel, the debate is whether its emissions constitute an air toxic or not, and how large the risk is (which can be addressed with quantitative risk assessment tools). There has been less debate today concerning what to do about it. Is it regulated as PM? As an air toxic? Resolving these issues is important for determining diesel control strategies. Mercury is a very public issue because of fish advisories and TRI data. We know the primary anthropogenic sources, and control is possible, although at a cost ("catching a few fish in a big lake"). Health effects are a key element and a major challenge in developing an air toxics regulatory strategy. There is a "miserably inadequate data set for quantitative risk assessment." Only 14 of 33 priority HAPs have potency values, and there are quantification challenges, as well as questions about mechanisms at high and low doses. Unanswered is whether we are aiming for an "acceptable level of risk" (e.g. 1 excess cancer in a million) or an "acceptable level of control" (e.g. MACT). Finally, there are many research needs to support an overall strategy. Priorities include source characterization and inventory building, atmospheric transformation, improved monitoring techniques and standardization, exposure assessment for key indoor/outdoor toxics, and health science including biomarkers for exposure and dose-response information.
The Science Behind The Environmental Protection Agency S Epa S Proposed Revisions To The National Ambient Air Quality Standards For Ozone And Particulate Matter Parts I Iii
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Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science. Subcommittee on Energy and Environment
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
The Science Behind The Environmental Protection Agency S Epa S Proposed Revisions To The National Ambient Air Quality Standards For Ozone And Particulate Matter Parts I Iii written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science. Subcommittee on Energy and Environment and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Science categories.
Monthly Catalogue United States Public Documents
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Monthly Catalogue United States Public Documents written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Government publications categories.
Monthly Catalog Of United States Government Publications
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Monthly Catalog Of United States Government Publications written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Government publications categories.
Air Pollution In The 21st Century
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Author : T. Schneider
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 1999-03-12
Air Pollution In The 21st Century written by T. Schneider and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-03-12 with Science categories.
This symposium was jointly organized by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and The Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment. These proceedings will provide a stimulus for taking up the challenges of environmental policy development in the 21st century, and will contribute to continuing co-operation. Clean air is a basic condition for health. Air pollution aggravates respiratory problems, leading to increased sickness absenteeism, increased use of health care services and even premature mortality. Air pollution is under intensive discussion in the United States and Europe. In The Netherlands, a wide range of policy instruments have been formulated which have reduced air pollution. For example; since 1975, sulphur dioxide and lead emissions have been reduced. However, emission reduction figures for many other substances are more modest. Many air pollution problems persist because progress in countering these problems is nullified by growth in the economy and traffic. Another important target is the prevention of climate change. The international community is agreed that the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has led to a gradual increase in the earth's temperature. In terms of the environmental consequences and social implications, the greenhouse problem surpasses all other air quality problems. Across Europe, strategies are being developed to reduce acidification and photochemical air pollution. An air emission ceiling for each country in the European Union is being agreed. In the area of climate change, there is good co-operation between the United States, The Netherlands and other EU Members States in the ongoing global negotiations. This is the start of a new movement. In the last century economies and societies developed through increasing human productivity. In the next century they must develop through increasing the productivity of fuel and natural resources.