Synthetic Cathinones
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Synthetic Cathinones
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Author : Jolanta B. Zawilska
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-04-16
Synthetic Cathinones written by Jolanta B. Zawilska and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-04-16 with Medical categories.
Over the last decade, and particularly during the recent five years, a rapidly increasing number of novel psychoactive substance (NPSs), often marketed as “designer drugs”, “legal highs”, “herbal highs”, “research or intermediate chemicals” and “laboratory reagents”, has appeared on the drug market in an effort to bypass controlled substance legislation. NPSs encompass a wide range of different compounds and drug classes but had been dominated by synthetic cannabinomimetics and psychostimulatory synthetic cathinones, so-called β-keto amphetamines. Compounds from the later class were first detected in Europe in 2004, and since then 103 new cathinones have been identified and reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, with 57 during the last two years. Synthetic cathinones – novel addictive and stimulatory psychoactive substances is the first publication of this kind that provides readers with background on chemical structures, detection, prevalence and motivation of use of the very popular group of NPSs. This book also presents comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of action, pharmacological activity, and main metabolic pathways of synthetic cathinones, followed by a detailed discussion of the acute and chronic toxicity associated with the use of these substances. Written by international experts in the field, this multi-authored book is a valuable reference not only for scientists, clinicians and academics, but also for readers representing different professional background who are involved in educational-prophylactic activities directed to harm reduction of psychoactive compounds.
Synthetic Cathinones
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Synthetic Cathinones written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Designer drugs categories.
Over the last decade a rapidly increasing number of novel psychoactive substance (NPSs), often marketed as "designer drugs", "legal highs", "herbal highs", "research or intermediate chemicals" and "laboratory reagents", has appeared on the drug market worldwide in an effort to bypass controlled substance legislation. NPSs encompass a wide range of different compounds and drug classes but had been dominated by synthetic cannabinomimetics and psychostimulatory synthetic cathinones, so-called b-keto amphetamines. Compounds from the later class were first detected in Europe in 2004, and since that time more than 130 new cathinones have been identified and reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. The rapid and extensive worldwide rise of synthetic cathinone abuse is attracting increasing attention, due to many intoxications and overdose deaths.
Synthetic Cathinones Bath Salts
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Author : U. S. Department U.S. Department of Justice
language : en
Publisher: CreateSpace
Release Date : 2014-11-16
Synthetic Cathinones Bath Salts written by U. S. Department U.S. Department of Justice and has been published by CreateSpace this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-11-16 with categories.
The National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC) assesses with high confidence that the distribution and abuse of synthetic cathinones will increase in the United States in the near term, posing yet another challenge to U.S. law enforcement officials. Poison control centers and medical professionals around the country are increasingly reporting patients suffering adverse physical effects associated with abuse of these drugs, further compounding the problem. Available data and law enforcement reporting suggest increasing levels of synthetic cathinone availability and abuse, but such information is limited and precise levels are unknown. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) currently tracks seizures of synthetic cathinones at U.S. ports of entry (POEs), but many synthetic cathinone products are disguised or mislabeled to impede detection. Because common field test kits, drug-detecting canines, and routine urine drug screens do not detect synthetic cathinones, law enforcement officials are challenged in interdicting such drugs and prosecuting their manufacturers and distributors. Synthetic cathinones, typically marketed as "bath salts" and "plant food," are sold legally under various names (Ivory Wave, Blizzard, etc.) in most areas of the United States. The products are generally sold in retail establishments such as adult stores, independently owned convenience stores, gas stations, head shops, and skateboard shops. The products, as well as their raw chemical components, are also sold on many Internet sites, including popular Internet auction sites. Additionally, synthetic cathinones have been sold by independent dealers as ecstasya-in powdered form, in single-component tablets and capsules, and in tablets and capsules containing cathinones combined with MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or other illicit controlled substances. Abusers typically ingest, inhale, inject, smoke, or snort (insufflate) the drugs to experience stimulant effects similar to those induced by amphetamine. Manufacturers and distributors of synthetic cathinone products evade U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) regulation and enforcement because synthetic cathinones are not scheduled under the Federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA). However, possession and distribution of the synthetic cathinones may be prosecuted, albeit with greater difficulty, under the Federal Controlled Substance Analogue Enforcement Act of 1986 (as amended)b of the CSA. The availability and suitability of a prosecution under the analogue statute depends on the particular compound being trafficked and the facts of the case. Further, distributors deceptively market synthetic cathinone products as "not for human consumption" to evade U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) scrutiny. Cathinone products that are introduced into interstate commerce and promoted as alternatives to illicit street drugs may be prosecutable under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as unapproved new drugs and misbranded drugs. (See the offenses at 21 U.S.C. 331(a), (d) and penalties at 21 U.S.C. 333.)1 Additionally, members of the Congress have introduced legislation to nationally ban the sale of certain synthetic cathinones, c and, as of April 2011, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have introduced or announced plans to introduce legislation banning or restricting the distribution and possession of certain synthetic cathinones and cathinone derivatives. As synthetic cathinones become more regulated, abusers will likely use the Internet with greater frequency to purchase cathinone products, the raw chemicals used in their production, and products that contain cathinones not specifically prohibited by enacted legislation.
Mechanisms Underlying The Lethal And Toxic Effects Of Synthetic Cathinone Analogues
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Author : Yu Chen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Mechanisms Underlying The Lethal And Toxic Effects Of Synthetic Cathinone Analogues written by Yu Chen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
The use of psychostimulants has constituted a significant portion of overall illicit drug use since 1970, after recognition of their abuse liability. More recently, the use of synthetic psychoactive cathinones (SPCs) has emerged as a major problem. SPCs are a group of drugs that are structurally related to amphetamines. Unlike traditional amphetamines, for which only a small number of analogues have been used illicitly, a very large number of SPC analogues have emerged based on slight modifications to their core chemical structures. Because of their structural similarities with amphetamines, many SPCs produce stimulant effects comparable to traditional amphetamines such as methamphetamine (METH) or 3,4-Methylenedioxymeth-amphetamine (MDMA). Although animal studies have shown that many SPCs have reduced neurotoxic properties compared to amphetamines, clinical studies suggest that SPC overdose is associated with a variety of life-threatening complications. Given that the number of SPCs is continuing to grow, there is a need to develop a high throughput approach to systemically evaluate their pharmacological and toxicological properties so that appropriate medical treatments can be developed. The traditional in vivo approach using mammals for this purpose would be an enormous task. Alternatively, zebrafish is an ideal animal model to study the toxicity of SPCs, and to establish methods for high throughput toxicological screening. In this current dissertation, the toxicological effects of a series of SPCs related to cathinone were examined in zebrafish, showing a range of lethal and cardiotoxic effects that can begin to be used to establish structure activity relationships for these effects of SPCs.
Bath Salts And Other Synthetic Drugs
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Author : Peggy J. Parks
language : en
Publisher: Referencepoint Press
Release Date : 2013-08
Bath Salts And Other Synthetic Drugs written by Peggy J. Parks and has been published by Referencepoint Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-08 with Designer drugs categories.
Although they are labeled "not for human consumption," bath salts and other synthetic drugs are the latest craze for getting high--and they have already proved to be dangerous and unpredictable. Through objective overviews, primary sources, and full color illustrations this title examines How Serious a Problem Is Synthetic Drug Abuse? What Are the Dangers of Synthetic Drugs? How Should Synthetic Drugs Be Regulated? and How Can Synthetic Drug Abuse Be Prevented?
Critical Issues In Alcohol And Drugs Of Abuse Testing
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Author : Amitava Dasgupta
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2019-01-10
Critical Issues In Alcohol And Drugs Of Abuse Testing written by Amitava Dasgupta and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-01-10 with Science categories.
Critical Issues in Alcohol and Drugs of Abuse Testing, Second Edition, addresses the general principles and technological advances for measuring drugs and alcohol, along with the pitfalls of drugs of abuse testing. Many designer drugs, for example, are not routinely tested in drugs of abuse panels and may go undetected in a drug test. This updated edition is a must-have for clinical pathologists, toxicologists, clinicians, and medical review officers and regulators, bridging the gap between technical and clinical information. Topics of note include the monitoring of pain management drugs, bath salts, spices (synthetic marijuana), designer drugs and date rape drugs, and more. Serves as a ready resource of information for alcohol and drug testing Ideal resource for making decisions related to the monitoring and interpretation of results Includes concise content for clinical laboratory scientists, toxicologists and clinicians
Alcohol Drugs Genes And The Clinical Laboratory
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Author : Amitava Dasgupta
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2016-10-17
Alcohol Drugs Genes And The Clinical Laboratory written by Amitava Dasgupta and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-10-17 with Medical categories.
Alcohol, Drugs, Genes and the Clinical Laboratory provides an overview and quick reference to genetic relationships and clinical laboratory information related to the serious public health issue of alcohol and drug abuse. Written in a clear and concise manner, this book discusses the necessary information for health and safety professionals working in public health to learn about complex issues quickly to better help their patients, employees, and others affected by alcohol and drug abuse. Alcohol, Drugs, Genes and the Clinical Laboratory covers the important aspects of drugs and alcohol abuse including genetic aspects along with laboratory methods for analysis of alcohol and abused drugs with emphasis on false positive test results. The book is helpful to healthcare professionals, such as pathologists who oversee alcohol and drug testing, emergency room physicians, family practice physicians who are first healthcare professionals who identify patients susceptible to drug and alcohol abuse, and psychiatrists involved with drug and alcohol rehabilitation programs. It will also be useful to safety professionals who have to assess individuals for workplace responsibilities, ranging from police and recruitment to occupational safety and occupational medicine and public health officials. Features accessible language for healthcare and safety professionals who are not experts in laboratory procedures Provides examples from clinical and everyday situations Explains how to interpret laboratory results and the latest genetic factors regarding drug and alcohol abuse
Get Smart About Synthetic Drugs
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Author : Anonymous
language : en
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
Release Date : 2013-08-07
Get Smart About Synthetic Drugs written by Anonymous and has been published by Simon and Schuster this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-08-07 with Self-Help categories.
Learn the basic facts behind the dangers of synthetic drugs, including bath salts, synthetic marijuana, and other emerging drugs, their chemistry and harmful effects, signs of addiction and dependence, addiction treatment options, prevention tools for parents, and much more.With synthetic drugs like bath salts and synthetic marijuana, as well as other emerging drugs, becoming increasingly available and harder to regulate, what are the basic facts we need to know? In this Get Smart Quick Guide, expert resources and information come together in an engaging and accessible e-book short. Topics include:What synthetic drugs are and why they’re so difficult for healthcare professionals and authorities to identify and regulateThe history of their use and abuseChanging cultural, social, and legal factorsDefinitions of use, abuse, and dependence, with information on prevention and advice for parentsHow the drugs work, including their health effects and what makes them so addictiveIntervention and effective treatment methodsRelapse prevention tools for recovering dependents and addicts
Prescription For Disaster
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Prescription For Disaster written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Drugs of abuse categories.
Forensic Toxicology
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Author : Susannah Davies
language : en
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Release Date : 2019-03-15
Forensic Toxicology written by Susannah Davies and has been published by Royal Society of Chemistry this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-03-15 with Medical categories.
New designer drugs, access to databases, and changing availability of samples for analysis have changed the face of modern forensic toxicology in recent years. Forensic Toxicology: Drug Use and Misuse brings together the latest information direct from experts in each sub-field of the discipline providing a broad overview of current thinking and the most innovative approaches to case studies. The text begins with an in-depth discussion of pharmacoepidemiology, including information on the value of nationwide databases in forensic toxicology. The use and abuse of drugs in driving, sport and the workplace are then discussed by industry experts who are conducting case work in their field. Not only are new drug groups discussed (NPS), but also their constantly changing impact on drug legislation. Synthetic cannabinoids, khat and mephodrone are discussed in detail. Following a section devoted to legislation and defence, readers will find comprehensive chapters covering sample choice reflecting the increasing use of hair and oral fluid, and also the less commonly used sweat and nail analysis. New and old case examples are compared and contrasted in the final part of the book, which will enable readers to understand how drugs impact on each other and how the interpretative outcome of a case are dependent on many aspects. From use of pharmaceutical drugs in a clinical setting, through smart drugs to new psychoactive drugs, this book documents the wide range in which drugs today are abused. This book will be an essential resource for postgraduate students in forensic toxicology, and for researchers in forensic toxicology laboratories who need the latest data and knowledge.