Synthetic Sorbent Materials Based On Metal Sulphides And Oxides
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Synthetic Sorbent Materials Based On Metal Sulphides And Oxides
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Author : D.S. Sofronov
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2020-11-06
Synthetic Sorbent Materials Based On Metal Sulphides And Oxides written by D.S. Sofronov and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-11-06 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Synthetic Sorbent Materials Based on Metal Sulphides and Oxides focuses on development of inorganic nanomaterials for removal of metallic species from the aqueous environment. General synthetic methods to prepare such materials are lacking. This book investigates problems of controlled synthesis of these materials and the effect of their morphological characteristics on their sorption capacity. • Synthesizes experimental data on the synthesis of micro- and nanoparticles of zinc, copper, and cadmium sulfides, iron oxides, and manganese oxyhydroxide. • Discusses controlled synthesis of zinc, cadmium, and copper sulfide particles and their sorption properties. • Describes production of iron oxides (hematite and magnetite) and manganese oxyhydroxide particles. • Features numerous SEM images of the obtained nanostructures and original graphs of various characteristics. • Offers practical recommendations. This book is of interest to researchers and scientists working with inorganic synthesis and properties of sorption materials.
Synthetic Sorbent Materials Based On Metal Sulphides And Oxides
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Author : D.S. Sofronov
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2020-11-05
Synthetic Sorbent Materials Based On Metal Sulphides And Oxides written by D.S. Sofronov and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-11-05 with Science categories.
Synthetic Sorbent Materials Based on Metal Sulphides and Oxides focuses on development of inorganic nanomaterials for removal of metallic species from the aqueous environment. General synthetic methods to prepare such materials are lacking. This book investigates problems of controlled synthesis of these materials and the effect of their morphological characteristics on their sorption capacity. • Synthesizes experimental data on the synthesis of micro- and nanoparticles of zinc, copper, and cadmium sulfides, iron oxides, and manganese oxyhydroxide. • Discusses controlled synthesis of zinc, cadmium, and copper sulfide particles and their sorption properties. • Describes production of iron oxides (hematite and magnetite) and manganese oxyhydroxide particles. • Features numerous SEM images of the obtained nanostructures and original graphs of various characteristics. • Offers practical recommendations. This book is of interest to researchers and scientists working with inorganic synthesis and properties of sorption materials.
Evaluation Of Sorbents For The Cleanup Of Coal Derived Synthesis Gas At Elevated Temperatures
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Author : David Joseph Couling
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Evaluation Of Sorbents For The Cleanup Of Coal Derived Synthesis Gas At Elevated Temperatures written by David Joseph Couling and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) with carbon dioxide capture is a promising technology to produce electricity from coal at a higher efficiency than with traditional subcritical pulverized coal (PC) power plants. As with any coal-based technology, however, it is of critical importance to develop efficient techniques to reduce the emissions of its many environmental pollutants, including not only carbon dioxide, but also sulfur and trace metals such as lead or mercury. One potential method to improve the efficiency for IGCC is through the use of solid sorbents that operate at elevated temperatures. Because many of these technologies are in their infancy and have yet to be commercially demonstrated, a strong desire exists to develop methods to critically evaluate these technologies more rapidly and inexpensively than can be done through experiments alone. In this thesis we applied computational techniques to investigate the feasibility of sorbents for the warm temperature removal of two key pollutants, carbon dioxide and mercury. We developed pressure swing adsorption models for the removal of carbon dioxide using both metal oxide and metal hydroxide sorbents and incorporated them into IGCC process simulations in Aspen Plus in order to evaluate the energy penalties associated with using these carbon dioxide capture technologies. We identified the optimal properties of CO2 sorbents for this application. Although warm CO2 capture using solid sorbents could lead to slight efficiency increases over conventional cold cleanup methods, the potential gains are much smaller than previously estimated. In addition, we used density functional theory to screen binary metal alloys, metal oxides, and metal sulfides as potential sorbents for mercury capture. We computed the thermochemistry of 40 different potential mercury sorbents to evaluate their affinity for mercury at the low concentrations and elevated temperatures found in the coal gas stream. We also evaluated the tendency of these sorbent materials to react with major components of the gas stream, such as hydrogen or steam. Finally, we tested the mercury adsorption characteristics of three of the most promising materials experimentally. Our experimental observations showed good qualitative agreement with our density functional theory calculations.
Advanced Materials For Sustainable Environmental Remediation
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Author : Dimitrios A Giannakoudakis
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2022-04-21
Advanced Materials For Sustainable Environmental Remediation written by Dimitrios A Giannakoudakis and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-04-21 with Science categories.
Advanced Materials for Sustainable Environmental Remediation: Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments presents detailed, comprehensive coverage of novel and advanced materials that can be applied to address the growing global concern of the pollution of natural resources in waters, the air and soil. It provides fundamental knowledge on available materials and treatment processes, as well as applications, including adsorptive remediation and catalytic remediation. Organized clearly by type of material, this book presents a consistent structure for each chapter, including characteristics of the materials, basic and important physicochemical features for environmental remediation applications, routes of synthesis, recent advances as remediation medias, and future perspectives. This book offers an interdisciplinary and practical examination of available materials and processes for environmental remediation that will be valuable to environmental scientists, materials scientists, environmental chemists, and environmental engineers alike. Highlights a wide range of synthetic methodologies, physicochemical and engineered features of novel materials and composites/hybrids for environmental purposes Provides comprehensive, consolidated coverage of advanced materials for environmental remediation applications for researchers in environmental science, materials science, and industry to identify in-depth solutions to pollution Presents up-to-date details of advanced materials, including descriptions and characteristics that impact their applications in environmental remediation processes
Synthetic Sorbents For Removal Of Sulfur Dioxide In Fluidized Bed Coal Combustors 25 Refs
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1977
Synthetic Sorbents For Removal Of Sulfur Dioxide In Fluidized Bed Coal Combustors 25 Refs written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1977 with categories.
Synthetic sorbents have been investigated for use in place of limestone for SO/sub 2/ emission control in fluidized-bed coal combustors. Sorbents prepared by impregnation of porous alumina with alkali metal or alkaline earth oxides were studied. The most promising sorbent was found to be calcium oxide in alumina. However, the SO/sub 2/ reactivity of this synthetic sorbent was less than that for a moderately reactive limestone. Hence, a greater quantity of synthetic sorbent would be needed to meet SO/sub 2/ emission standards. The attrition resistance of this synthetic sorbent was found to be greater than that of natural stones; therefore, a larger number of cycles of use would be expected. It is estimated that the use of this synthetic sorbent would reduce the amount of waste sorbent to about one-sixth the amount expected using a moderately reactive once-through limestone. The cost of using this synthetic sorbent is estimated to be about three and a half times the cost expected using once-through limestone. This cost is considered to be too large in view of the expected modest decrease in environmental impact. The synthetic sorbents developed in this study are therefore not considered viable alternatives for limestone in fluidized-bed coal combustors.
Encyclopedia Of Renewable Energy Sustainability And The Environment
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2024-10-01
Encyclopedia Of Renewable Energy Sustainability And The Environment written by and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-10-01 with Science categories.
Encyclopedia of Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Four Volume Set comprehensively covers all renewable energy resources, including wind, solar, hydro, biomass, geothermal energy, and nuclear power, to name a few. In addition to covering the breadth of renewable energy resources at a fundamental level, this encyclopedia delves into the utilization and ideal applications of each resource and assesses them from environmental, economic, and policy standpoints. This book will serve as an ideal introduction to any renewable energy source for students, while also allowing them to learn about a topic in more depth and explore related topics, all in a single resource. Instructors, researchers, and industry professionals will also benefit from this comprehensive reference. Covers all renewable energy technologies in one comprehensive resource“/li> Details renewable energies’ processes, from production to utilization in a single encyclopedia Organizes topics into concise, consistently formatted chapters, perfect for readers who are new to the field Assesses economic challenges faced to implement each type of renewable energy Addresses the challenges of replacing fossil fuels with renewables and covers the environmental impacts of each renewable energy
Preparation And Laboratory Evaluation Of Stationary Phase Iron Oxide Based Adsorbents For Removal Of Metals From Waste Waters
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Author : Michael Lee May
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1998
Preparation And Laboratory Evaluation Of Stationary Phase Iron Oxide Based Adsorbents For Removal Of Metals From Waste Waters written by Michael Lee May and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Sewage categories.
Several potential sorbent materials containing iron oxides were prepared and evaluated for potential to remove divalent metals from waste waters. These included a ferrihydrite-coated sand, maghemite incorporated in Dowex[Trademark] ion exchange resin, gothite and two thermally activated ferrihydrites. Attempts to prepare sorbents from steel shot by coating with ferrihydrite or by thermal oxidization resulted in cemented solids rather than pellets. Ferrihydrite activated at 295°C had a surface area of 113-202 m2/g, followed by gothite at 72-92 m2/g and ferrihydrite-coated sand at 0.78-1.4 m2/g. Zinc adsorption was evaluated by placing 5 g ferrihydrite-coated sand, 0.1 g maghemite in Dowex or 0.1 g gothite in batch reactors containing 40-50 mL of zinc solution, adjusting to various pH values, allowing to react for 96 hours, and analyzing the supernatant for zinc. The data fitted poorly to an ion exchange model using nonlinear regression. The adsorption site densities determined from the regression analysis were 8.0x10−8 moles per gram of ferrihydrite-coated sand and 4.1x10−5 moles per gram of White. Maghemite in Dowex did not provide any additonal zinc removal capacity in excess of the ion exchange capacity of the resin. Kinetic experiments showed that zinc adsorption onto ferrihydrite-coated sand was 86% complete after 96 hours. Based upon this study, the most promising sorbent appears to be gothite, although the "activated ferrihydrites" are also worthy of further study. Neither ferrihydrite-coated sand and maghemite in Dowex appear to be practical sorbents, based on their low zinc adsorption site density. Maghemite in Dowex might be useful in applications requiring magnetic sorbents.
Encyclopedia Of Chemical Processing Online
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Author : Sunggyu Lee
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2005-11-01
Encyclopedia Of Chemical Processing Online written by Sunggyu Lee and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-11-01 with Science categories.
This second edition Encyclopedia supplies nearly 350 gold standard articles on the methods, practices, products, and standards influencing the chemical industries. It offers expertly written articles on technologies at the forefront of the field to maximize and enhance the research and production phases of current and emerging chemical manufacturing practices and techniques. This collecting of information is of vital interest to chemical, polymer, electrical, mechanical, and civil engineers, as well as chemists and chemical researchers. A complete reconceptualization of the classic reference series the Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design, whose first volume published in 1976, this resource offers extensive A-Z treatment of the subject in five simultaneously published volumes, with comprehensive indexing of all five volumes in the back matter of each tome. It includes material on the design of key unit operations involved with chemical processes; the design, unit operation, and integration of reactors and separation systems; process system peripherals such as pumps, valves, and controllers; analytical techniques and equipment; and pilot plant design and scale-up criteria. This reference contains well-researched sections on automation, equipment, design and simulation, reliability and maintenance, separations technologies, and energy and environmental issues. Authoritative contributions cover chemical processing equipment, engineered systems, and laboratory apparatus currently utilized in the field. It also presents expert overviews on key engineering science topics in property predictions, measurements and analysis, novel materials and devices, and emerging chemical fields. ALSO AVAILABLE ONLINE This Taylor & Francis encyclopedia is also available through online subscription, offering a variety of extra benefits for both researchers, students, and librarians, including: Citation tracking and alerts Active reference linking Saved searches and marked lists HTML and PDF format options Contact Taylor and Francis for more information or to inquire about subscription options and print/online combination packages. US: (Tel) 1.888.318.2367; (E-mail) [email protected] International: (Tel) +44 (0) 20 7017 6062; (E-mail) [email protected]
High Temperature Carbon Dioxide Capture Using Metal Oxides
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Author : Christian Vogt
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
High Temperature Carbon Dioxide Capture Using Metal Oxides written by Christian Vogt and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere are considered a significant contributor to climate change due to the activity of the carbon dioxide molecule in the infrared spectrum. This causes solar radiation to be 'trapped' in the earth's atmosphere if increased CO2 concentrations are present, leading to global warming. In order to decrease CO2 emissions from stationary sources, like fossil fuel-fired power plants, and halt global warming, carbon capture and storage is proposed as a viable option. Here, a big fraction of the CO2 normally being emitted to the atmosphere is to be separated from a flue gas stream of a conventional combustor facility (known as post-combustion) or from a synthesis gas (syngas) stream obtained by gasification of the fuel before its combustion (known as pre-combustion). The characteristics of the post-combustion flue gas and the pre-combustion syngas are substantially different, so that capture technologies must be developed for their respective application. The captured CO2 can then be either used in industrial applications like enhanced oil recovery, if a market exists, or else be stored in places separate from the atmosphere, so as to not cause global warming. Underground storage, consisting of saline aquifers or depleted natural gas caverns, is among the options considered for permanent and safe CO2 storage.This project investigated the use of metal oxide-based sorbents for pre-combustion capture of CO2 at 250 to 400 °C from syngas generated in the Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) process. At this temperature, syngas leaves the water gas shift reactor, which is the ultimate part of the gasification system within the IGCC process. Capturing the CO2 in-situ at this temperature is considered beneficial, as it eliminates the requirement to cool or heat the gas to CO2 sorption temperature, which would come with an energy penalty.In the first part, various metal oxides were screened for their suitability to capture CO2 in the temperature range of IGCC syngas. These were lanthanum oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide and cadmium oxide. Based on a literature review, it was found that their carbonates decompose at temperatures considered here. A thermogravimetric screening test routine was outlined and the materials tested by exposure to carbon dioxide on a temperature ramp from 120 to 650 °C. Pure metal oxides and carbonates were considered as well as oxides doped with alkali metal compounds. It was found that cadmium oxide doped with various alkali halides sorbs and desorbs CO2 well in the screening test, so that more detailed studies were proposed. A magnesium oxide/cesium carbonate composite, which was analysed in detail in a previous project and synthesised using a variety of precursors here, was screened as well and found suitable. As the latter material exhibited a comparatively poor overall CO2 sorption capacity, it was hypothesised that improvements could be made by varying the synthesis method.In the second part, cadmium oxide/alkali halide mixtures were analysed for their optimal concentration of dopant required to give maximum CO2 sorption capacity. A variation of alkali halide dopants showed that 17.5 wt% of sodium iodide (based on cadmium carbonate used as synthesis precursor) used in synthesis yields the best-performing sorbent. This sorbent was tested in detail via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for single-cycle and multiple cycle CO2 sorption and desorption by partial pressure variation under isothermal conditions at various temperatures. The carbonation of cadmium oxide to carbonate and its decarbonation was confirmed as the reaction mechanism via powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. XRD also showed no significant change in the unit cell parameters of cadmium oxide due to sodium iodide doping. It was shown that alkali halides are necessary promoters for the carbonation reaction, as pure cadmium oxide did not exhibit any CO2 inclusion and conversion into cadmium carbonate. For the sodium iodide-doped cadmium oxide, a stoichiometric recarbonation was achieved, resulting in a mass gain of 26 % (based on cadmium oxide and considering the presence of dopant here).It was also shown in multicyclic sorption experiments, that a significant decay in working capacity (i. e., the amount of CO2 both captured and released per cycle) occurred if the initial decarbonation of the cadmium carbonate precursor was performed in air. This could be improved by carbonate decomposition in inert gases like nitrogen or argon. Elemental analysis performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) showed that iodine is lost from the sample, which might be attributed to oxidation of iodide to iodine. The loss of iodine promoter is considered to be the cause of a decay in working capacity of the sorbent. Water vapour addition (1 vol%) to the sorption gases lead to an increase in stability in terms of the working capacities over the number of cycles, but had no noticeable effect on the iodine loss over sorption cycles. Powder samples were considered for multicyclic sorption as well as pelletised samples. It was shown that pelletisation via mechanical compression under vacuum resulted in materials with lower working capacities than powder equivalents, being attributed to the larger pellets being less accessible to the gas than small powder grains. Pellets made from carbonate lost their mechanical strength after 25 CO2 sorption cycles, whereas pellets made in the oxide state virtually exhibited no working capacity. Introduction of SBA-15 (porous silica) as spacer made the oxide pellets more accessible to the gas so that they showed a certain working capacity. However, this again led to partial loss of mechanical strength, but to a lower extent as observed for the carbonate pellets.In the third part of the thesis, the physico-chemical properties of the cadmium oxide/sodium iodide material were studied in detail. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed morphological changes if the samples underwent multiple sorption cycles. Initially, spherical cadmium oxide nanoparticles of approx. 200 nm width were observed, which partially broke into irregular pieces after 25 sorption cycles. It was also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental mapping that sodium iodide is interspersed into the cadmium oxide as discrete particles. In-situ powder XRD showed that sodium iodide contained in the cadmium oxide/sodium halide mixture is amorphous at room temperature after initial calcination, but becomes crystalline upon heating to CO2 sorption temperature (in this case 325 °C). These results lead to the conclusion that the cadmium oxide/sodium halide mixed sorbent is not a mixed metal oxide, but rather a mixture of halide and an oxide particles. The initiation of the CO2 sorption by the dopant halide must thus be due to a mechanistic contribution of the crystalline halide, rather than the formation of a cadmium-alkali-halide-oxide mixed phase under CO2 uptake after sorption. Analysis of the exit gas from CO2 desorption in a fixed bed by mass spectrometry confirmed the loss of iodine by showing mass-to-charge values of 126 in the mass spectrum, whereas X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed two species of iodine on the material's surface, possibly due to different oxidation states. These results support the idea that iodine might be lost during multicyclic sorption by oxidation of iodide to iodine.In the fourth part of the thesis, improvements in the sorption capacities of magnesium oxide/cesium carbonate sorbents are shown. Using a solvothermal process involving hydration of magnesium methoxide and cesium carbonate methanolic solution mixed with toluene and subsequent treatment in an autoclave at 265 °C and flash-evaporation of the solvent, higher surface areas were obtained compared to the material made from commercial magnesium oxide as substrate. The activated solvothermally-made magnesium oxide/cesium carbonate sorbent appeared chemically similar to the one made from commercial templates as shown by XRD, but exhibited a higher working capacity (5 wt% instead of 4 wt%) than the latter. TEM and elemental mapping techniques showed that the solvothermal method leads to smaller particle sizes and also showed a mostly uniform distribution of the cesium throughout the magnesium, with occasional clustering of cesium being observed.The fifth part of the thesis investigates the effect of syngas components on the sorbents. As syngas contains hydrogen, which is a strong reducing agent, it was deemed necessary to assess if the sorbents are stable if hydrogen is present during CO2 sorption. It was also analysed if hydrogen sulphide, which is a trace component in syngas, has an effect on the sorbents. It was shown that hydrogen tends to lower the working capacity of the cadmium sorbents, possibly due to reduction of the cadmium oxide to cadmium metal. Lowering the sorption temperature 20 °C below the one achieving the highest multicyclic working capacity (i. e., to 285 °C), was able to significantly reduce capacity loss in a CO2 sorption experiment containing hydrogen. The magnesium-cesium sorbent appeared stable in the presence of hydrogen. Hydrogen sulphide, however, had a significant impact on both the cadmium and magnesium-based materials by reducing their working capacities.In summary, a cadmium oxide based CO2 sorbent was developed and its physical and chemical properties examined. A magnesium-based mixed oxide developed in a previous study was improved in sorption capacity. The stability of both these materials under simulated syngas conditions was examined and future work is proposed to focus on the application of real syngas to these sorbents, with the goal of further improvements in their stability.
Metal Organic Framework Templated Synthesis Of Porous Inorganic Materials As Novel Sorbents
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Metal Organic Framework Templated Synthesis Of Porous Inorganic Materials As Novel Sorbents written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
A novel metal-organic framework (MOF) templated process for the synthesis of highly porous inorganic sorbents for removing radionuclides, actinides, and heavy metals is disclosed. The highly porous nature of the MOFs leads to highly porous inorganic sorbents (such as oxides, phosphates, sulfides, etc) with accessible surface binding sites that are suitable for removing radionuclides from high level nuclear wastes, extracting uranium from acid mine drainage and seawater, and sequestering heavy metals from waste streams. In some cases, MOFs can be directly used for removing these metal ions as MOFs are converted to highly porous inorganic sorbents in situ.