Teleology And The Norms Of Nature
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Teleology And The Norms Of Nature
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Author : William J. FitzPatrick
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2017-09-25
Teleology And The Norms Of Nature written by William J. FitzPatrick and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-09-25 with Philosophy categories.
This work is an examination of teleological attributions i.e. ascriptions of proper functions and natural ends) to the features and behavior of living things with a view to understanding their application to human life.
Nature And Normativity
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Author : Mark Okrent
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2017-10-24
Nature And Normativity written by Mark Okrent and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-10-24 with Philosophy categories.
Nature and Normativity argues that the problem of the place of norms in nature has been essentially misunderstood when it has been articulated in terms of the relation of human language and thought, on the one hand, and the world described by physics on the other. Rather, if we concentrate on the facts that speaking and thinking are activities of organic agents, then the problem of the place of the normative in nature becomes refocused on three related questions. First, is there a sense in which biological processes and the behavior of organisms can be legitimately subject to normative evaluation? Second, is there some sense in which, in addition to having ordinary causal explanations, organic phenomena can also legitimately be seen to happen because they should happen in that way, in some naturalistically comprehensible sense of ‘should’, or that organic phenomena happen in order to achieve some result, because that result should occur? And third, is it possible to naturalistically understand how human thought and language can be legitimately seen as the normatively evaluable behavior of a particular species of organism, behavior that occurs in order to satisfy some class of norms? This book develops, articulates, and defends positive answers to each of these questions.
Nature And Purpose
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Author : John F. Haught
language : en
Publisher: University Press of Amer
Release Date : 1980
Nature And Purpose written by John F. Haught and has been published by University Press of Amer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1980 with Finalité categories.
Norms Of Nature
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Author : Paul Sheldon Davies
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2003-01-24
Norms Of Nature written by Paul Sheldon Davies and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-01-24 with Science categories.
The components of living systems strike us as functional-as for the sake of certain ends—and as endowed with specific norms of performance. The mammalian eye, for example, has the function of perceiving and processing light, and possession of this property tempts us to claim that token eyes are supposed to perceive and process light. That is, we tend to evaluate the performance of token eyes against the norm described in the attributed functional property. Hence the norms of nature. What, then, are the norms of nature? Whence do they arise? Out of what natural properties or relations are they constituted? In Norms of Nature, Paul Sheldon Davies argues against the prevailing view that natural norms are constituted out of some form of historical success—usually success in natural selection. He defends the view that functions are nothing more than effects that contribute to the exercise of some more general systemic capacity. Natural functions exist insofar as the components of natural systems contribute to the exercise of systemic capacities. This is so irrespective of the system's history. Even if the mammalian eye had never been selected for, it would have the function of perceiving and processing light, because those are the effects that contribute to the exercise of the visual system. The systemic approach to conceptualizing natural norms, claims Davies, is superior to the historical approach in several important ways. Especially significant is that it helps us understand how the attribution of functions within the life sciences coheres with the methods and ontology of the natural sciences generally.
Biblical Natural Law
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Author : Matthew Levering
language : en
Publisher: OUP Oxford
Release Date : 2008-03-20
Biblical Natural Law written by Matthew Levering and has been published by OUP Oxford this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-03-20 with Religion categories.
Natural law theory is controversial today because it presumes that there is a stable 'human nature' that is subject to a 'law.' How do we know that 'human nature' is stable and not ever-evolving? How can we expect 'law' not to constrict human freedom and potential? Furthermore if there is a 'law,' there must be a lawgiver. Matthew Levering argues that natural law theory makes sense only within a broader worldview, and that the Bible sketches both such a persuasive worldview and an account of natural law that offers an exciting portrait of the moral life. To establish the relevance of biblical readings to the wider philosophical debate on natural law, this study offers an overview of modern natural law theories from Cicero to Nietzsche, which reverse the biblical portrait by placing human beings at the center of the moral universe. Whereas the biblical portrait of natural law is other-directed, ordered to self-giving love, the modern accounts turn inward upon the self. Drawing on the thought of St. Thomas Aquinas, Levering employs theological and philosophical investigation to achieve a contemporary doctrine of natural law that accords with the biblical witness to a loving Creator who draws human beings to share in the divine life. This book provides both an introduction to natural law theory and a compelling challenge to re-think current biblical scholarship on the topic.
The Order Of Nature And The Problem Of Teleology
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Author : James Stuart Tong
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1939
The Order Of Nature And The Problem Of Teleology written by James Stuart Tong and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1939 with categories.
A Teleological View Of Nature
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Author : John A. Heller
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1912
A Teleological View Of Nature written by John A. Heller and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1912 with Philosophy of nature categories.
How Nature Informs The Creation Of Law
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Author : Bebhinn Donnelly
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
How Nature Informs The Creation Of Law written by Bebhinn Donnelly and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with categories.
The Meaning Of Teleology
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Author : Bernard Bosanquet
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1906
The Meaning Of Teleology written by Bernard Bosanquet and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1906 with Evolution categories.
Against Natural Teleology And Its Application In Ethical Theory
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Author : Arthur Ward
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Against Natural Teleology And Its Application In Ethical Theory written by Arthur Ward and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Biology categories.
Many ethical theories depend on the existence of natural teleology as a source of normativity. Natural Teleology, the purposive goal-directedness of non-conscious biological processes, is also embraced to some degree by a majority of philosophers of biology who agree that the teleological concepts of purpose, goal, defect, proper function and malfunction are legitimate, perhaps necessary, in biological explanations. In my dissertation I provide a substantive argument against the reduction of teleology to natural facts and argue that ethical theories that rely on it cannot be naturalistic. Several ethical theories could be my target, but I focus on the most overt example: neo-Aristotelian ethics. The project is in two sections, one in ethical theory and the other in philosophy of biology. In the first section of the dissertation, primarily using Philippa Foot and Judith Jarvis Thomson as models, I illustrate how Neo-Aristotelian theories rest on natural teleology. I offer a metaethical analysis of teleology, arguing that it does not belong to the good nor the right nor mere description, but rather the proper. I call this category of concept protonormativity. I claim that protonormativity, of which teleology is a paradigmatic example, does not yield normative facts and is not reducible to natural facts; it is a distinct conceptual category. In the second section I give a novel argument for why natural teleology cannot be reduced to natural facts. Teleological concepts such as design and proper function imply standards of correctness for phenotypic outcome. They entail norms for the way an item is to be in the end: functional or malfunctional, good or defective. However, since a phenotype is the result of a genotype in some set of environmental conditions, there can only be a proper phenotype if there exists a proper environment for the item to inhabit. Regarding artifacts, a designer is capable of setting a proper environment, but I argue science does not admit of proper environments for organisms in nature. The concept proper environment cannot be reduced to any set of natural facts. Therefore metaethical naturalists must abandon proper phenotypes, natural teleology, and ethical theories that rely on it.
