Th Thorium
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Th Thorium
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Author : Reiner Ditz
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-06-29
Th Thorium written by Reiner Ditz and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-29 with Science categories.
In connection with the recent treatment of radium and the actinides, the Gmelin Institute is carrying out the description of thorium and its compounds. The Supplement Volumes A 2, A 3, A 4, and A 5 with the history, isotopes, uses, the recovery of thorium and general properties of thorium atom and ions, the thermodynamics of its compounds and solutions, spectroscopic data and analytical chemistry, biological behavior, health protection and safety control have already been published. The Supplement Volumes C 1, C 2 and C 3 describing the compounds with the noble gases, hydrogen, oxygen compounds and nitrogen compounds are also available; also have been published Supplement Volumes C 5 and C 7 describing the compounds with sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and boron, carbonates, thiocynates, alkoxides, and carboxylates. The Supplement Volumes D 1, D 2, and D 3 describing the properties of thorium ions in solution and the solvent extraction of thorium as well as Supplement Volume E describing the coordination compounds also have been published. The present volume begins, in a summary fashion, with a description of the natural occurrence of the element Th. Especially stressed are those facts that are most important in understanding its geological distribution on Earth (as, e.g., mode of occurrence and distribution among minerals) and its behavior in minerals (as, e.g., mode of occurrence and distribution among minerals) and its behavior in minerals (as, e.g., diadochy and metamictization of minerals). Attached is a tabulation of the highest reported Th or ThO2 content in minerals that normally (by their crystal-chemical formula) do not contain Th. The main part of the present volume describes the minerals of Th. As can be seen from the crystal-chemical formulas, there are, in addition to a few minerals containing Th as the sole cation, a number of minerals that contain Th as an additional cation or as a diadochic element. In the case of diadochic substitution the mineral may represent a Th-rich end member of a solid-solution series and, therefore, is described as a separate Th mineral, or may only sporadically contain higher amounts of Th (no mineral description is given). The mineral descriptions, in this volume including oxides, carbonates and phosphates/siliconphosphates of Th, comprise the following topics: occurence; chemistry; crystal form and structure; optical and other physical properties; and chemical and thermal behavior. The silicates of Th and the deposits of Th will be described in the volume "Thorium" Suppl. Vol. A 1b, that also contains a mineral index for both volumes.
Th Thorium
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Author : Robert G. Behrens
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-06-29
Th Thorium written by Robert G. Behrens and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-29 with Science categories.
The present volume describes the general properties of the thorium atom and ions, the thermodynamics of its compounds and solutions, the behavior of solutions and solid com pounds under the influence of its own radiation as well as an external radiation field, and spectroscopic data in great detail. The different chapters are of special interest to scientists who work in these fields, and also in the corresponding fields of other elements. In some special fields there exists a detailed knowledge of this radioelement whereas in other fields, such as M6Bbauer spectra, lower oxidation states, or radiation stability, there are large gaps. Due to the fact that the significance 23 of thorium as a breeder fuel ( 2"fh to be converted to fissile 233U after thermal neutron capture) has decreased within the last decade, the behavior of thorium is not as yet so thoroughly investigated as the heavier radioactive element uranium. Many of these data, however, are not only of academic interest, e.g., the knowledge of atomic spectra is needed for some analytical methods, especially in the trace concentration region. Due to the noble gaS-like electronic configuration of the tetravalent ion, there are no absorption bands in the visible region so that in general spectra and data are very scarce. This volume is a very detailed and critically reviewed compilation, written by experts from the Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium, and the United States.
Th Thorium
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Author : David Brown
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-06-29
Th Thorium written by David Brown and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-29 with Science categories.
The present volume, Thorium C5, deals with the compounds of thorium and sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and boron, as well as with oxoacid compounds of the three chalcogen elements. Thorium borates have already been treated in Thorium C2. In contrast to the corresponding compounds of uranium the thorium sulfides, etc. , do not show any nuclear or other technological application; they are only of academic interest, despite some very interest ing electronic properties, especially of the 1 : 1 compounds. The thorium-sulfur and the thorium boron systems in particular were studied in detail, so that we have a clear picture of them, whereas there are still a lot of open questions in the systems Th-Se and Th-Te - not very different from other metal chalcogenide systems. Thorium sulfates are of some technological importance because they are formed in solution during recovery of thorium from monazite by sulfuric acid leaching. The very detailed and critical treatment of the chemical and physical properties of the compounds discussed also enables us to find gaps still remaining in our knowledge and thus to initiate new research in this field. I want to thank the two authors, Dr. Horst Wedemeyer (Karlsruhe) and Dr. David Brown (Harwell), for their excellent contributions, the "Literaturabteilung" of the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center for its help in providing reports and other documents difficult to procure, as well as the staff of the Gmelin-Institute, especially to Dr. K. -C.
Th Thorium
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Author : R. Benz
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-11-11
Th Thorium written by R. Benz and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-11 with Science categories.
This volume C 3, as a part of the Gmelin "Thorium" Handbook, Series C, describes the thorium-nitrogen compounds. Included are compounds both of technological importance like the nitrides and the nitrates and those of merely scientific interest, such as amides and related compounds. However, due to the decreasing technical importance of the nuclear thorium fuel cycle, especially with the advanced fuels like the nitride ThN, in recent years, the thorium compounds with nitrogen have been investigated much less extensively than the correspond ing uranium compounds. In order to have the data for the Th-N-X systems accumulated in one specific volume, the decision was made to publish this volume without incorporating other Th systems. ThN is the compound with the lowest N :Th ratio. In addition to its (former) nuclear interest due to its thermal and radiation stability, it has many very interesting physicochemical properties. Thorium nitrate, the other well-investigated compound, is of importance because it is (in the form of an adduct with tri-n-butylphosphate) the extracted compound when burnt-up thorium fuels are reprocessed. Despite the wealth of accumulated data on the chemical and physicochemical properties of the compounds discussed, the knowledge of the compounds and of the systems is far from satisfactory - it must be deepened and improved in further studies. I would like to thank the competent authors for their critical contributions as well as the Gmelin-Institute for the excellent cooperation provided, especially Prof. Dr. Fluck and Dr. Keim, the editor-in-chief of this volume.
Th Thorium
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Author : Robert G. Behrens
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 1989-06-30
Th Thorium written by Robert G. Behrens and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989-06-30 with Science categories.
The present volume describes the general properties of the thorium atom and ions, the thermodynamics of its compounds and solutions, the behavior of solutions and solid com pounds under the influence of its own radiation as well as an external radiation field, and spectroscopic data in great detail. The different chapters are of special interest to scientists who work in these fields, and also in the corresponding fields of other elements. In some special fields there exists a detailed knowledge of this radioelement whereas in other fields, such as M6Bbauer spectra, lower oxidation states, or radiation stability, there are large gaps. Due to the fact that the significance 23 of thorium as a breeder fuel ( 2"fh to be converted to fissile 233U after thermal neutron capture) has decreased within the last decade, the behavior of thorium is not as yet so thoroughly investigated as the heavier radioactive element uranium. Many of these data, however, are not only of academic interest, e.g., the knowledge of atomic spectra is needed for some analytical methods, especially in the trace concentration region. Due to the noble gaS-like electronic configuration of the tetravalent ion, there are no absorption bands in the visible region so that in general spectra and data are very scarce. This volume is a very detailed and critically reviewed compilation, written by experts from the Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium, and the United States.
Th Thorium
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Author : Kenneth W. Bagnall
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-12-12
Th Thorium written by Kenneth W. Bagnall and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-12-12 with Science categories.
The present volume of the Gmelin thorium series describes the solid thorium-carbon compounds with the exception of the carbides and coordination compounds of the type 4 ThAn· X B, where B is a neutral ligand. The complex equilibria of the Th + ion with C-containing complexing agents are treated in the ThD1 volume. A first look into this volume demonstrates that a very large number of ThlV complexes has 4 been prepared. This may be explained by the fact that the Th + ion is the largest tetravalent ion of the periodic table. Therefore, the preparation of complexes with, e. g. , multidentate ligands can give a well-established picture of the coordination number as a function of charge and ionic radius. However, there are very few modern and updated comprehensive treatments of such data. Many compounds described in this volume are characterized by no other means than analytical composition and IR spectra (whereby IR spectra of organic ThlV salts mostly give information only on the ligand). Besides thorium carbonate and carbonato complexes, which are relevant for the environmental behaviour of this radioactive element and some organic complexes like oxalates, which are used in the field of analytical and separation chemistry nearly all other compounds described here are practically only of scientific interest. On the other hand in order to have scientifically reliable data, a very large part of these compounds needs further investigation and characterization.
Chemistry Of Thorium In Aqueous Solutions
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Author : A. J. Fry
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1949
Chemistry Of Thorium In Aqueous Solutions written by A. J. Fry and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1949 with Iodates categories.
Gmelin Handbook Of Inorganic Chemistry
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Author : Gmelin-Institut für anorganische Chemie
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1990
Gmelin Handbook Of Inorganic Chemistry written by Gmelin-Institut für anorganische Chemie and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990 with Thorium categories.
Thorium
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Author : Lore Rose David
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1953
Thorium written by Lore Rose David and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1953 with Thorium categories.
Thorium Carbides
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Author : Heiko Kleykamp
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 1992-07-31
Thorium Carbides written by Heiko Kleykamp and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992-07-31 with Science categories.
The volume comprises an updated and critical description of the binary and ternary thorium carbides. These compounds are of technological interest because of their possible use as fertile materials in advanced nuclear power reactors. The fuel for the Thermal Breeder consists of a ThC-UC solid solution and that for the Thorium High Temperature Reactor of coated ThC2-UC2 particles. The binary Th-C system and ternary carbides were intensively investigated worldwide for nearly 20 years. Because of general discussions on the use of nuclear technology, interest in advanced nuclear reactors declined in recent years. Nevertheless, the research activity in the solid state science of binary and ternary thorium carbides increased and the Th-C system became one of the best known binary systems. At high temperatures there exists a series of solid solutions ranging from Th metal to the hypostoichiometric cubic ThC1.96' including the monocarbide ThC. A body-centered cubic Th2C3 of the Pu2C3 structure type only exists at pressures above 30 kbar. The Th carbides are refractory compounds with high melting points, e.g., 2500° C for the composition ThC0.97. Ternary carbides are either stoichiometric compounds, like ThAl4C4, ThAlC2, and Th4Al2C5 in the Th-Al-C system, or they form solid solutions with more or less broad ranges of composition. On the other hand, ThC is immiscible with group IV and V transition metal carbides because of its large unit cell. The normally metastable Th2C3 can be stabilized by forming solid solutions like (Th, La)2C3 with other sesquicarbides. Some ternary phases are superconductors with transition temperatures as high as 17 K.