The Breakdown Of The State In Lebanon 1967 1976
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The Breakdown Of The State In Lebanon 1967 1976
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Author : Farid El Khazen
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Release Date : 2020-12-10
The Breakdown Of The State In Lebanon 1967 1976 written by Farid El Khazen and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-12-10 with History categories.
Why did the Lebanese state, the most open and democratic political system in the Middle East, break down between 1967 and 1976? In this major contribution to the debate, Fazel el-Khazen rejects the standard explanations of the Lebanese Civil War and argues instead that the causes were due to the official state ideology, which recognized diversity, dissent and a highly pluralistic population, and then specific external factors: pressures from the Arab-Israeli Conflict, inter-Arab rivalries, and the Palestine Liberation Organization's close connection to Lebanese politics. Using an historical analysis, el-Khazen sheds light on the political situation of the country in the lead up to the conflict and the major role Lebanon's neighbours had in the events. The detailed and comprehensive account uses interviews with the key protagonists in the civil war and analysis of unpublished sources to reveal how and why the breakdown took place.
Spheres Of Intervention
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Author : James R. Stocker
language : en
Publisher: Cornell University Press
Release Date : 2016-03-18
Spheres Of Intervention written by James R. Stocker and has been published by Cornell University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-03-18 with History categories.
In Spheres of Intervention, James R. Stocker examines the history of diplomatic relations between the United States and Lebanon during a transformational period for Lebanon and a time of dynamic changes in US policy toward the Middle East. Drawing on tens of thousands of pages of declassified materials from US archives and a variety of Arabic and other non-English sources, Stocker provides a new interpretation of Lebanon’s slide into civil war, as well as insight into the strategy behind US diplomatic initiatives toward the Arab-Israeli conflict. During this period, Stocker argues, Lebanon was often a pawn in the games of larger powers. The stability of Lebanon was an aim of US policy at a time when Israel’s borders with Egypt and Jordan were in active contention. Following the June 1967 Arab-Israeli War, the internal political situation in Lebanon became increasingly unstable due to the regional military and political stalemate, the radicalization of the country’s domestic politics, and the appearance of Palestinian militias on Lebanese territory. US officials were more deeply involved in Lebanese affairs than most outside the region realized. After a series of internal crises in 1969, 1970, and 1973, civil war broke out in Lebanon in 1975. The conflict reached a temporary halt after a Syrian military intervention the following year, but this was only an end to the first stage of what would be a sixteen-year civil war. During these crises, the US sought to help the Lebanese government in a variety of ways, including providing military aid to the Lebanese military, convincing Arab countries to take measures to help the Lebanese government, mediating Lebanon’s relations with Israel, and even supporting certain militias.
Lebanon
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Author : Tom Najem
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2012-03-12
Lebanon written by Tom Najem and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-03-12 with History categories.
Annotation In a time of great political change and unrest in the Middle East, this highly topical text offers a succinct account of the contemporary political environment in Lebanon. Tom Najem provides both a developed understanding of the pre-civil war system and an analysis of how circumstances resulting from the civil war combined with essential pre-war elements to define politics in Lebanon. Systematically exploring Lebanons history, society and politics, the author stresses the importance of the crucial role of external actors in the Lebanese system. The analysis encompasses:the formation of the stateweaknesses and dynamics of the Lebanese statethe civil warpost-war government and changethe Lebanese economyforeign policy. Written in a clear and accessible manner, this book fills a conspicuous gap in the existing academic literature on Lebanon. It will be of interest not only to students of international politics and Middle East studies, but also to anyone travelling in or wanting to learn more about the region.
Civil And Uncivil Violence In Lebanon
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Author : Samir Khalaf
language : en
Publisher: Columbia University Press
Release Date : 2002-04-18
Civil And Uncivil Violence In Lebanon written by Samir Khalaf and has been published by Columbia University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-04-18 with History categories.
In this long-awaited work, Samir Khalaf analyzes the history of civil strife and political violence in Lebanon and reveals the inherent contradictions that have plagued that country and made it so vulnerable to both inter-Arab and superpower rivalries. How did a fairly peaceful and resourceful society, with an impressive history of viable pluralism, coexistence, and republicanism, become the site of so much barbarism and incivility? Khalaf argues that historically internal grievances have been magnified or deflected to become the source of international conflict. From the beginning, he shows, foreign interventions have consistently exacerbated internal problems. Lebanon's fragmented political culture is a byproduct of two general features. First, it reflects the traditional forces and political conflicts caused by striking differences in religious beliefs and communal and sectarian loyalties that continue to split the society and reinforce its factional character. Second, and superimposed on these, are new forms of socioeconomic and cultural stress caused by Lebanon's role in the continuing international conflicts in the region. Khalaf concludes that Lebanon is now at a crossroads in its process of political and social transformation, and proposes some strategies to re-create a vibrant civil and political culture that can accommodate profound transformations in the internal, domestic sphere as well as mediate developments taking place internationally. Throughout, Khalaf demonstrates how the internal and external currents must be considered simultaneously in order to understand the complex and tragic history of the country. This deeply considered and subtle analysis of the interplay of complex historical forces helps us to imagine a viable future not only for Lebanon but also for the Middle East as a whole.
The Politics Of Militant Group Survival In The Middle East
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Author : Ora Szekely
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-11-26
The Politics Of Militant Group Survival In The Middle East written by Ora Szekely and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-11-26 with Political Science categories.
This book compares the performances of four key non-state actors in the Arab-Israeli conflict ecosystem: the PLO, Hamas, Hizbullah, and Amal. It argues that it is not the assets a militant group has, but rather how it acquired them that matters in explaining the variation in these actors' abilities to militarily resist and politically recover from confrontations with far more powerful adversaries. Groups that rely on marketing campaigns to secure local support and regional patronage do far better than those that rely on coercion or even barter. The book develops a typology of organizations based on their foreign and domestic policies, which has interesting implications for other non-state actors, such as ISIS. It is based on field research in Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, the West Bank, Egypt, and Syria, including interviews with members of a range of Lebanese and Palestinian militant groups, as well as politicians, UN staff, journalists, and members of the Jordanian and Israeli armies.
Lebanon After The Syrian Withdrawal
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Author : Ohannes Geukjian
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2016-11-10
Lebanon After The Syrian Withdrawal written by Ohannes Geukjian and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-11-10 with Political Science categories.
Lebanon experienced serious instability and ethno-national conflict following the Syrian withdrawal in 2005, compounded by the Arab Spring, which led to regional instability and civil war in Iraq and Syria. Why did consociational democracy fail? Was failure inevitable? What impact could external powers play in creating an environment where consociationalism might be successfully implemented? This book addresses these key questions and provides a comprehensive analysis of how internal and external elite relations influence the chances of a successful regulation of ethno-national conflict through power-sharing. Exploring the roles played by Syria, Qatar, Iran, Saudi Arabia, the United States and France, it argues that external actors in the Lebanese conflict largely determined whether power-sharing was successfully established and shows that the consociational democratic model cannot provide long-term conflict regulation in their absence. The author argues that relationships between internal and external actors determine the prospects for successful conflict regulation and pinpoints the crucial role of the external forces in the creation of power-sharing agreements in Lebanon concluding that future success is dependent on the maintenance of positive, exogenous pressures. This book will be of key interest to students and scholars studying politics, international relations, and Middle East studies.
The Middle East
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Author : Ellen Lust
language : en
Publisher: CQ Press
Release Date : 2023-02-01
The Middle East written by Ellen Lust and has been published by CQ Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-02-01 with Political Science categories.
In the The Middle East, Sixteenth Edition, Ellen Lust brings important new coverage to this comprehensive, balanced, and superbly researched text. In clear prose, Lust and her outstanding contributors explain the landscape of this changing region by examining both regional trends and individual countries. The Sixteenth Edition adds a chapter on Sudan, and other country chapters have been streamlined and fully updated to reflect domestic, regional, and international changes of the past three years. This best-selling text offers a wealth of information to help readers not only comprehend more fully the world around them, but also recognize and formulate policies that can more successfully engage the vitally important Middle East.
The Struggle Over Democracy In The Middle East
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Author : Nathan J. Brown
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2013-07-03
The Struggle Over Democracy In The Middle East written by Nathan J. Brown and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-07-03 with Political Science categories.
Many residents of the Middle East - and more recently, Western powers - have placed great hope in democratization in the region. Bringing together a number of experts on the region to provide a broad ranging survey of individual countries, this book examines the experiences of activists, parties, religious groups and governments, the influences exerted on them and the difficulties involved in bringing democracy to the Middle East.
Politics And War In Lebanon
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Author : Mordechai Nisan
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2017-07-05
Politics And War In Lebanon written by Mordechai Nisan and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-05 with Political Science categories.
Lebanon is an exceptionally misunderstood country; its religious politics are typically misrepresented and denigrated in Western political commentary. Politics and War in Lebanon offers a lucid examination of Lebanese society and politics. Mordechai Nisan examines Lebanon in its own termson its own cultural turf. He then points to the causes of political disintegration in 1975 and explores the capacity of Lebanon to recover and retain its unique national poise.Avoiding disorienting Western stereotypes, Nisan presents Lebanon in its own native frame of reference, as a multi-ethnic country that operates according to its immutable and enigmatic political forms. Lebanon is different from other Arab countries, as demonstrated through its very complex electoral system, its tradition of cross-elite cooperation, and its special sense of Lebanese national identity that differentiates it from its overbearing Syrian neighbor.Nisan explores intra-Maronite Christian feuds, identifies Syria's occupation strategy, analyzes the violence of the Palestinians, and studies Israel's failed policy strategy and the role of Hezbollah in the Lebanese power equation. Lebanon is caught between its special historical identity as a country ofpoise, creativity, and liberty and the interminable warfare in the streets and villages of the country. Although its future appears dim, its resilience enabled it to prevail in the past, and may yet continue to do so.
Lebanon
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Author : William W. Harris
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2012
Lebanon written by William W. Harris and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with History categories.
The book explores the affairs of Mount Lebanon and its surrounds through fourteen centuries, beginning with the emergence of its Christian, Muslim and Islamic-derived communities between the sixth and eleventh centuries. Against this backdrop, it interprets the modern republic of Lebanon from Ottoman antecedents to present day crises.