The Collapse Of Iraq And Syria
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The Collapse Of Iraq And Syria
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Author : U. S. Congress
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017-05-14
The Collapse Of Iraq And Syria written by U. S. Congress and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-05-14 with categories.
This report is a timely, scholarly work that helps explain the chaos in the news from the region. A day does not go by without Iraq and Syria as well as the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) being in the news. Most of the news coverage deals with atrocities, factionalism, civil war, and cultural/ethnic strife. The value of Dr. Barrett's monograph is his thorough delve into history to help explain this complicated story. It is a story of creating states with artificial borders that have been ruled with iron fists to keep a lid on fractured societies. What we are witnessing and what Barrett explains is the dissolution of borders and the collapse of central governments in Iraq and Syria. In fact, the author contends that Iraq and Syria no longer exist as nation-states. Their ultimate fate is yet to be seen. Regardless, this monograph provides the reader with a historical review of the Greater Levant (Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon) that helps explain the reality on the ground today. Keywords include: Yazidi, Ba'th, Jafari, Druze, Wahhabi, Ottoman, SSNP, Sunni, Shia, Twelver, Saddam Hussein, Assad, Sunni, Shia, Kurd, Hashemite, Sykes-Picot, Assad, Nasser, ISIS, Salafi, Alawite Chapter 1 - The Pre-1914 Order in the Greater Levant * Chapter 2 - The World Wars and the Mandate System * Chapter 3 - The Rise of Arab Nationalism * Chapter 4 - Dictatorship and Disintegration * Chapter 5 - Collapse and Anarchy 2003-2011 * Chapter 6 - Conclusion Barrett begins his analysis in the pre-1914 Greater Levant and the role that it played in the political structure of the broader Middle East region. He also focuses on the First World War, the collapse of the Ottoman system in the Greater Levant, and the interwar years of the League of Nations' mandates. Barrett contends that the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916 still serves as the basis for current policies. The secret agreement between France and the United Kingdom was designed as a deal to divide the Arab territories of the former Ottoman Empire into spheres of influence. The arbitrarily drawn boundaries accommodated the Western powers and disregarded political, economic, social, cultural, religious, and sectarian realities on the ground. These artificial borders and colonially-created states have been kept in check by authoritarianism. The post-World War II years saw the rise of Arab Nationalism and the Ba'th Party as well as the rise of dictators Saddam Hussein in Iraq and Hafez al-Assad in Syria. Barrett's walk through history ends with Iraq and Syria's current predicament. Both are beset by collapsing central governments and loss of state control of their borders. The division of Iraq and Syria into ethnic regions is taking place on the ground even though both are still treated as states. Add the ISIS threat to the mix and you get a "simmering brew of local and regional ethnic, sectarian, and social rivalries with various parts falling under the sway of autocratic rulers who, through patronage and fear, will establish an equilibrium that brings some order to the chaos." This monograph has value to the military and policy world. It is not only a good explanation of the history of the Greater Levant, but its greatest value is its succinctness in analyzing and presenting the current chaotic regional situation. It should be of interest to Special Operations Forces, strategists, planners, and leaders interested in the future of U.S. policy in the region, especially in dealing with ISIS. Since 1945, the United States' involvement in the political stability of the historical Levant and Mesopotamia-Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, and Iraq-has steadily increased. Because of the complexity, nomenclature describing the region can be confusing; as a result, this paper uses the term "Greater Levant" to describe Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon, in their contemporary condition.
The Collapse Of Iraq And Syria
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Author : Roby Barrett
language : en
Publisher: Independently Published
Release Date : 2019-05-14
The Collapse Of Iraq And Syria written by Roby Barrett and has been published by Independently Published this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-05-14 with categories.
Dr. Roby Barrett's The Collapse of Iraq and Syria: The End of the Colonial Construct in the Greater Levant is a timely, scholarly work that helps explain the chaos in the news from the region. A day does not go by without Iraq and Syria as well as the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) being in the news. Most of the news coverage deals with atrocities, factionalism, civil war, and cultural/ethnic strife. The value of Dr. Barrett's monograph is his thorough delve into history to help explain this complicated story. It is a story of creating states with artificial borders that have been ruled with iron fists to keep a lid on fractured societies. What we are witnessing and what Barrett explains is the dissolution of borders and the collapse of central governments in Iraq and Syria. In fact, the author contends that Iraq and Syria no longer exist as nation-states. Their ultimate fate is yet to be seen. Regardless, this monograph provides the reader with a historical review of the Greater Levant (Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon) that helps explain the reality on the ground today.
The Origins Of Isis
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Author : Simon Mabon
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Release Date : 2016-11-30
The Origins Of Isis written by Simon Mabon and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-11-30 with Political Science categories.
The rapid expansion of ISIS and its swathe of territorial gains across the Middle East have been headline news since 2013. Yet much media attention and analysis has been focussed upon the military exploits, brutal tactics and radicalisation methods employed by the group. While ISIS remains a relatively new phenomenon, it is important to consider the historical and local dynamics that have shaped the emergence of the group in the past decade. In this book Simon Mabon and Stephen Royle provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the roots, tactics and ideology of the group, exploring the interactions of the various participants involved in the formative stages of ISIS. Based on original scholarly sources and first-hand research in the region, this book provides an authoritative and closely-analysed look at the emergence of one of the defining forces of the early twenty-first century.
Days Of The Fall
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Author : Jonathan Spyer
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2017-12-12
Days Of The Fall written by Jonathan Spyer and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-12-12 with Political Science categories.
Days of the Fall takes the reader into the heart of the terrible wars in Syria and Iraq. The book combines frontline reporting with analysis of the deeper causes and effects of the conflict. Over five years, Jonathan Spyer reported from the depths of the wars, spending time in Aleppo, Baghdad, Damascus, Mosul, Idlib, Hasaka and other frontline areas. He witnessed some of the most dramatic events of the conflict – the rescue of the trapped Yezidis from the attempted ISIS genocide in 2014, the Assad regime’s assault on Aleppo, the rise of independent Kurdish power in north east Syria, the emergence of the Shia militias in Iraq as a key force. The book depicts these events, and seeks to place them within a broader framework. The author notes the ethnic and sectarian faultlines in both Syria and Iraq, and contends that both countries have now effectively separated along these lines, leading to the emergence of de facto fragmentation and the birth of a number of new entities. The book also notes that this confused space has now become an arena for proxy conflict between regional and global powers. Containing interviews with key figures from all sides of the conflict, such as the Shia militias in Iraq, and even ISIS members, Days of the Fall serves as an invaluable and comprehensive guide to the complex dynamics and the tragic human impact of the wars.
The Rise And Fall Of Isis
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Author : Willem Th. Oosterveld
language : en
Publisher: The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies
Release Date : 2017-02-20
The Rise And Fall Of Isis written by Willem Th. Oosterveld and has been published by The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-02-20 with categories.
Appearing seemingly out of nowhere over the course of 2013-14, the Islamic State, or Daesh, captured the attention of international audiences through widely broadcast acts of barbarity, followed by the proclamation of its own state and upending state borders in the process. The rise of the terror organization has prompted many questions: where did it originate from? How has it been able to establish itself so quickly? Can it actually persist? Can it be defeated? The aim of this year’s study, entitled “The Rise and Fall of ISIS: from Evitability to Inevitability”, is to understand the organization, its motivations, its inherent weaknesses, as well as its ability to endure. A broader aim is to set out how it could develop as it comes under ever more pressure by regional powers and, in the case of its defeat, how to prevent the arrival of the next ISIS. A key message of this chapter is that ISIS is a ‘child of its time’ and is not destined to persist. Its professed millenarian or eschatological bent is meant to cast the conflict between the Caliphate and the rest of the word as a cosmic battle, but in reality is largely of instrumental value. Also, while its rise could have been prevented, its fall looks all but inevitable, even if it remains unclear what will replace it. This study is part of the 2016-2017 HCSS StratMon.
Iraq And Syria
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Author : James Denselow
language : en
Publisher: Tauris Academic Studies
Release Date : 2014-02-28
Iraq And Syria written by James Denselow and has been published by Tauris Academic Studies this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-02-28 with Iraq categories.
The ties between Syria and Iraq are complex and often fraught and, with both facing significant internal turmoil, their relationship is one that is central to stability in the region. James Denselow is uniquely positioned to address this pivotal aspect of politics in the Middle East, having worked in Syria for many years. He argues that today's relationship between Iraq and Syria cannot be understood outside the context of the US presence in a fragile Iraq. This book tracks the changing and tempestuous relationship between these uneasy neighbours, focusing on the run-up to and fallout from the 2003 invasion. The role of Bashar al-Asad's regime in this conflict is often overlooked, but its political ties plus Syria's geographical position made it a key player. As sovereignty is returned to an Iraq led by Nouri al-Maliki, a shared cultural history along with improved trade and security arrangements may strengthen the precarious relationship between Iraq and Syria.
Collapse And Rebirth Of Cultural Heritage
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Author : Lorenzo Kamel
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020-06-08
Collapse And Rebirth Of Cultural Heritage written by Lorenzo Kamel and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-06-08 with categories.
This book aims to assess the issue of cultural heritage and illicit trafficking within the frame of a destabilized region and provide a historical and geopolitical understanding of what the Middle East is currently experiencing
Islamic State Beyond Iraq And Syria An Analysis Of Isis Provinces Outside Iraq And Syria And Their Role In The Future Of Isis As The Caliphate Collapses
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Author : Lachlan Wilson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Islamic State Beyond Iraq And Syria An Analysis Of Isis Provinces Outside Iraq And Syria And Their Role In The Future Of Isis As The Caliphate Collapses written by Lachlan Wilson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
This thesis argues that that the persistence of ISIS after the collapse of its “caliphate" in Iraq and Syria is unlikely to be achieved through its provinces outside of the Levant. To support this argument this thesis analyzes thirteen Islamic State (ISIS) provinces outside of Iraq and Syria, assessing the threat they pose, the possibility that they will remain affiliated with ISIS, and the prospect that they will continue to persist. The accumulative outcome of these assessments assists in evaluating the likelihood that the ISIS brand will survive when the group's core in Syria and Iraq collapses. The analysis involves an outline of the individual provinces objectives, backgrounds, leadership, membership and activity combined with quantitative data analysis and the use of a metric analytical system. The outcome of the analysis shows that the provinces vary significantly in: the threat that they pose to the country in which they exist in; their bonds with and interests shared with ISIS core; and in their overall likelihood to persist. More broadly, the results demonstrate that ISIS has been unsuccessful in controlling territory outside of Syria and Iraq. It suggests ISIS's relationship with its affiliates is predominantly defined by the value of its jihadist brand and its ability to provide financial support to its affiliates. As ISIS in Syria and Iraq collapses the legitimacy of its brand will become tarnished and its ability to provide fiscal support compromised. This situation will lead to many of the provinces defecting and indicates that the ISIS brand is unlikely to survive through its affiliates.
Iraq Ten Years On
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Author : Claire Spencer
language : en
Publisher: Chatham House (Formerly Riia)
Release Date : 2015-07-28
Iraq Ten Years On written by Claire Spencer and has been published by Chatham House (Formerly Riia) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-07-28 with Iraq categories.
This report brings together a variety of perspectives on the state of Iraq ten years after the US-led invasion in 2003 and sets out some possible scenarios for the country's future. It begins with an overview of the political changes that have been under way since the invasion, with a focus on conflict and political violence, the debate over the nation-state and the dynamics of a political transition weighed down by the legacies of dictatorship and occupation. The report discusses Iraq's domestic politics, foreign policy and relations with regional and international powers, as well as the impact that the regime change has had on perceptions of democracy, Middle Eastern authoritarianism and the role of Western intervention in the region. Iraq has undergone a transition from a purely authoritarian system to one with an elected government. However, the levers of power used by the previous regime - organized violence, oil-funded state patronage and the use of communal differences for 'divide and rule' strategies - remain crucial factors in the country's politics. Iraq's primary foreign policy preoccupation has been re-establishing sovereignty, and negotiating an end to the US occupation and seeking to end the country's UN Chapter VII status. However, factional divisions and the perceived weakness of state institutions mean there are significant incentives for neighboring states to seek to influence the foreign and domestic policies of a country that has always had a major impact in the region. Iran is undoubtedly the most influential external player in domestic Iraqi affairs, though not the only one. For its part, Iraq wants to balance its relations with Tehran and its partnership with the United States while maximizing its autonomy from both. Navigating this complex combination of alliances places Iraqi decision-makers in an uncomfortable position, above all over Syria, which poses serious risks to Iraq's own future. Three main scenarios are laid out in the final section: Syria's conflict becomes the main driver of political trends in Iraq as Iraqi factions take increasingly polarized positions on Syria and pursue diametrically opposed policies in supporting the warring sides with money and fighters. Iraq becomes more resilient, resisting efforts by Al-Qaeda and others to exacerbate sectarian tensions, and hedging its bets on Syria. Iraqis remain fractious and disunited, avoiding state collapse but continuing to be heavily influenced by the agendas of competing regional powers. Although Iraq embarked on a political transition ten years ago, it is by no means exempt from the demographic, political and economic drivers that underlay the Arab uprisings. Over time it will become harder for the political elite to blame the legacy of dictatorship, sanctions and war for the country's problems. But it is as yet unclear to what extent future regional interactions, including Iraq's relations with the rest of the Middle East, will be defined by competitive ethno-sectarian identity politics or by the sense of common aspirations that was articulated in the early days of the Arab uprisings.
The Occupation
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Author : Patrick Cockburn
language : en
Publisher: Verso Books
Release Date : 2007-09-17
The Occupation written by Patrick Cockburn and has been published by Verso Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-09-17 with Political Science categories.
In February 2003, Patrick Cockburn secretly crossed the Tigris river from Syria into Iraq just before the US/British invasion, and has covered the war ever since. In The Occupation, he provides a vivid and disturbing picture of a country in turmoil, and the dangers and privations endured by its people. The Occupation explores the mosaic of communities in Iraq, the US and Britain’s failure to understand the country they were invading and how this led to fatal mistakes. Cockburn, who has been visiting Iraq since 1978, describes the disintegration of the country under the occupation. Travelling throughout Iraq, from the Kurdish north, to Baghdad, Falluja and Basra, he records the response of the country’s population – Shia and Sunni, Arab and Kurd – to the invasion, the growth of the resistance and its transformation into a full-scale uprising. He explains why deepening religious and ethnic divisions drove the country towards civil war. Above all, Cockburn traces how the occupation’s failure led to the collapse of the country, and the high price paid by Iraqis. He charts the impact of savage sectarian killings, rampant corruption and economic chaos on everyday life: from the near destruction of Baghdad’s al-Mutanabi book market to the failure to supply electricity, water and, ironically, fuel to Iraq’s population. The Occupation is a compelling portrait of a ravaged country, and the appalling consequences of imperial arrogance.