The Crusades Holy War And Canon Law
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The Crusades Holy War And Canon Law
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Author : James A. Brundage
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 1991
The Crusades Holy War And Canon Law written by James A. Brundage and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with History categories.
Concerned primarily with the legal background and the juristic issues behind the ideology and practice of the medieval crusades, this text considers the roles of individual crusaders, practical issues and consequences for the institutions of medieval Europe and the crusader's family relationships.
Medieval Canon Law And The Crusader
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Author : James A. Brundage
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1969
Medieval Canon Law And The Crusader written by James A. Brundage and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1969 with History categories.
The Holy War
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Author : Thomas Patrick Murphy
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1976
The Holy War written by Thomas Patrick Murphy and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1976 with History categories.
Crusading Against Christians
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Author : Charles River
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021-01-19
Crusading Against Christians written by Charles River and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-01-19 with categories.
*Includes pictures *Includes a bibliography for further reading Christianity was not a state religion for its first three centuries, and it was only when Emperor Constantine the Great declared it so in the early 4th century that the Church was faced with the thorny problem of state-sanctioned violence. The first major Christian authority to justify the use of arms in defense of Church and State was Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, who wrote in the 5th century, "They who have waged war in obedience to the divine command or in conformity with His laws, have represented in their persons the public justice or the wisdom of government, and in this capacity have put to death wicked men; such persons have by no means violated the commandment, 'Thou shalt not kill.'" This opinion gained increasing influence in Western Christianity, though in the East, the attitude was (and continues to be) more nuanced. War was tolerated as a regrettable necessity in a world wounded by sin but never blessed. Canon law enacted in the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire tended to treat soldiers who had killed as sinners needing to repent, and Bishop Basil of Caesarea (d. c. 330) believed that they needed to abstain from receiving communion for three years after battle. It was not that that the Eastern Roman Empire was a particularly peaceable state-far from it, in fact: it was engaged in almost continuous warfare for its entire existence. However, its conflicts were mostly defensive in character, fighting barbarians, Persians, or Muslims, and the idea of consecrating arms for the cause of Christianity was considered alien to its spirit. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, when Western Europe was governed by a Germanic warrior-caste, the theory of a just and virtuous war took root. The Roman Church enhanced its authority by sanctifying oaths taken for just military purposes, and Bishop Anselm of Lucca (d. 1086) was the first to suggest that military action for the cause of religion could remit sin. At the Council of Clermont in July 1095, Pope Urban II canonized religious war by urging Western Europe's nobility to take up arms in defense of the Byzantine Empire against the Muslims, thus launching the Crusades. Religious military orders such as the Knights of Saint John, the Templars, and the Hospitallers arose, ostensibly founded to protect the weak and the sick but also to extend the boundaries of Christianity and the power of the Church. In Europe, the knight, originally a mounted warrior, became a consecrated soldier of Christ, dedicated to the defense of the Church by solemn vows made before an altar. It was not long before the concept of the holy crusade was applied beyond the holy land. The conflict between the Christian states and the Muslim Moors in the Iberian Peninsula became a holy war, as did the forced settlement of Pagan Slav lands on Germany's eastern frontier. At the beginning of the 13th century, the Knights Hospitaller and the Knights of Livonia began the conquest of heathen Baltic lands while Sweden invaded Finland. Naturally, the question remained concerning the use of arms against other Christians. Eastern Christians did not acknowledge the Pope's supremacy, and many held that it was lawful for him to declare a crusade to bring schismatics back to the obedience of Rome. German knights fighting the Orthodox Russians at the Battle on the Ice in 1242 believed this, as did the Hungarian prosecutors of the 1235 invasion of Bosnia, which was thinly disguised as a crusade. The Church even extended the object of crusade to believers in communion with Rome, who refused to obey lawful authority. After peasants revolted against the Prince-Archbishop of Bremen in 1204 over tithes and land rights, Pope Gregory IX was persuaded to declare them heretics and proclaim a crusade against them.
Armsbearing And The Clergy In The History And Canon Law Of Western Christianity
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Author : Lawrence G. Duggan
language : en
Publisher: Boydell & Brewer Ltd
Release Date : 2013
Armsbearing And The Clergy In The History And Canon Law Of Western Christianity written by Lawrence G. Duggan and has been published by Boydell & Brewer Ltd this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with History categories.
The history of the vexed relationship between clergy and warfare is traced through a careful examination of canon law.
The First Crusade
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Author : Edward Peters
language : en
Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press
Release Date : 2011-06-03
The First Crusade written by Edward Peters and has been published by University of Pennsylvania Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-06-03 with History categories.
The First Crusade received its name and shape late. To its contemporaries, the event was a journey and the men who took part in it pilgrims. Only later were those participants dubbed Crusaders—"those signed with the Cross." In fact, many developments with regard to the First Crusade, like the bestowing of the cross and the elaboration of Crusaders' privileges, did not occur until the late twelfth century, almost one hundred years after the event itself. In a greatly expanded second edition, Edward Peters brings together the primary texts that document eleventh-century reform ecclesiology, the appearance of new social groups and their attitudes, the institutional and literary evidence dealing with Holy War and pilgrimage, and, most important, the firsthand experiences by men who participated in the events of 1095-1099. Peters supplements his previous work by including a considerable number of texts not available at the time of the original publication. The new material, which constitutes nearly one-third of the book, consists chiefly of materials from non-Christian sources, especially translations of documents written in Hebrew and Arabic. In addition, Peters has extensively revised and expanded the Introduction to address the most important issues of recent scholarship.
The Papacy And Crusading In Europe 1198 1245
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Author : Rebecca Rist
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Release Date : 2011-11-03
The Papacy And Crusading In Europe 1198 1245 written by Rebecca Rist and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-11-03 with History categories.
An 'internal' crusade is defined as a holy war authorized by the pope and fought within Christian Europe against those perceived to be foes of Christendom, either to recover property or in defense of the Church or Christians. This study is therefore not concerned with those crusades authorized against Muslim enemies in the East and Spain, nor with crusades authorized against pagans on the borders of Europe. Up to now these crusades have attracted relatively little attention in modern British scholarship. This in spite of their undoubted European-wide significance and an increasing recognition that the period 1198-1245 marks the beginning of a crucial change in papal policy underpinned by canon law. This book discusses the developments through analysis of the extensive source material drawn from unregistered papal letters, placing them firmly in the context of ecclesiastical legislation, canon law, chronicles and other supplementary evidence. It thereby seeks to contribute to our understanding of the complex politics, theology and rhetoric that underlay the papacy's call for crusades within Europe in the first half of the thirteenth century.
Medieval Canon Law
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Author : James A Brundage
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2014-06-11
Medieval Canon Law written by James A Brundage and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-06-11 with History categories.
It is impossible to understand how the medieval church functioned -- and in turn influenced and controlled the lay world within its care -- without understanding the development, character and impact of `canon law', its own distinctive law code. However important, this can seem a daunting subject to non-specialists. They have long needed an attractive but authoritative introduction, avoiding arid technicalities and setting the subject in its widest context. James Brundage's marvellously fluent and accessible book is the perfect answer: it will be warmly welcomed by medievalists and students of ecclesiastical and legal history.
Fighting For Christendom
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Author : Christopher Tyerman
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2004
Fighting For Christendom written by Christopher Tyerman and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with History categories.
This insightful portrait of the Crusades illuminates both the rosy myths and the harsh realities of these epic adventures.
The Popes And The Baltic Crusades
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Author : Iben Fonnesberg-Schmidt
language : en
Publisher: BRILL
Release Date : 2007
The Popes And The Baltic Crusades written by Iben Fonnesberg-Schmidt and has been published by BRILL this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Religion categories.
"The Popes and the Baltic Crusades" examines the formulation of papal policy on the crusades and missions in the Baltic region in the central Middle Ages and analyses why and how the crusade concept was extended from the Holy Land to the Baltic region.
