The Crust
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Uncovering Earth S Crust
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Author : Conrad J. Storad
language : en
Publisher: Lerner Publications ™
Release Date : 2017-08-01
Uncovering Earth S Crust written by Conrad J. Storad and has been published by Lerner Publications ™ this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-08-01 with Juvenile Nonfiction categories.
The outside layer of our planet is an active place. Earth's crust is always growing and changing. But do you know how Earth's crust forms? And what happens when its plates shift suddenly? Find out more about the moves that make mountains and ocean ridges in this interesting book!
Another One Bites The Crust
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Author : Ellie Alexander
language : en
Publisher: St. Martin's Paperbacks
Release Date : 2018-01-02
Another One Bites The Crust written by Ellie Alexander and has been published by St. Martin's Paperbacks this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-01-02 with Fiction categories.
Torte—the beloved small-town bakeshop run by Jules Capshaw—is set to hit the stage. But who would have guessed that murder would makes a surprise appearance? It’s the role of a lifetime for Jules. The Shakespeare Festival has returned to Ashland, Oregon, for the season and Torte has been cast as the supplier of Elizabethan-era treats for the main event. But on the eve of opening night, a brawl between Jules’s friend Lance, the artistic director, and a strapping young thespian named Anthony almost brings down the house. . .and the next morning, Anthony is dead. Jules knows that Lance loves his drama—and his just desserts—but she also knows that murder is way off-script for him. Now it’s up to Jules to cut through a bevy of backstage betrayals and catty co-stars who all have their own secrets—before the curtain drops on someone else. . . The Bakeshop mysteries are: “Delectable.”—Portland Book Review “Delicious.”—RT Book Reviews “Marvelous.” —Fresh Fiction
Under The Crust
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Author : Terry Lamsley
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
Under The Crust written by Terry Lamsley and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Buxton (Derbyshire, England) categories.
The Role Of Physical And Biological Soil Crusts On The Water Balance In Semiarid Ecosystems
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Author : Sonia Chamizo de la Piedra
language : en
Publisher: Universidad Almería
Release Date : 2014-11-06
The Role Of Physical And Biological Soil Crusts On The Water Balance In Semiarid Ecosystems written by Sonia Chamizo de la Piedra and has been published by Universidad Almería this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-11-06 with categories.
In arid and semiarid areas, the interplant spaces are usually covered by physical and biological soil crusts. These crusts, though representing an almost negligible portion of the soil profile, have a number of crucial roles. Soil crusts form the boundary between soil and atmosphere and therefore control gas, water and nutrient exchange into and through soils. Concretely, in the last decade, the study of biological soil crusts (BSCs) (complex communities of cyanobacteria, algae, fungi, lichens, mosses and other microorganisms in intimate association with soil particles) has drawn the attention of a growing number of researchers due to the key role they play in numerous processes in the ecosystems where they appear. Unlike physical crusts, BSCs protect soils against erosion by water and wind, and increase soil fertility by fixing atmospheric C and N, synthesising polysaccharides and reducing nutrient losses by runoff and erosion. Through their influence on numerous properties that affect how water moves though soils such as roughness, porosity, hydrophobicity, cracking, and albedo, BSCs play a key role in water processes, such as infiltration and runoff, evaporation and soil moisture. It is widely known the role of physical crusts in decreasing soil porosity and hydraulic conductivity, thus decreasing infiltration. However, there is controversy regarding the role of BSCs in infiltration and runoff processes. Some studies indicate that BSCs increase infiltration, and consequently, decrease runoff, whereas others have reported that they decrease infiltration and increase runoff or that they have no effect on either of them. In addition, the influence of BSCs on other soil water balance components such as evaporation and soil moisture has hardly been studied and the scarce existing studies also show contradicting results. With the aim of enlightening the role that BSCs play in the water balance in semiarid areas, in this thesis it has been analysed the influence of different soil crust types, physical crusts and various developmental stages of BSCs, on key soil water balance components such as infiltration-runoff, evaporation and soil moisture, at plot scale. Furthermore, to better understand how these crusts affect hydrological processes, the influence of the type of crust and developmental stage of the crust on different properties that affect water movement and retention in soils has been analysed. Last, spectral characteristics of the different crust types, as well as of vegetation, have been examined with the aim of developing a spectral classification system for differentiation of these common ground covers in semiarid areas that allows their mapping and the modelling of the effects of the crusted areas on hydrological and erosion processes on larger spatial scales (hillslope and catchment). To conduct this research, two areas where BSCs are widespread and that represent key spatial distributions of BSCs in semiarid ecosystems were chosen in the province of Almeria (SE Spain): El Cautivo (in the Tabernas Desert), a badlands catchment with silty-loam textured soils, and Las Amoladeras (in the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park), a flat area with sandy-loam textured soils. Our results show that BSCs increase aggregate stability, water retention capacity, and organic carbon and total nitrogen content compared to physical crusts and, within BSCs, these properties increase in the crust and the underlying soil as the crust is more developed (in terms of greater biomass and later-successional species composition). The increase in soil properties with the presence of BSCs is especially noticeable in the top layer of soil (0.01 m) and decreases with depth (0.01-0.05 m) (Chapter I). Through their effect increasing surface roughness and physico-chemical soil properties, BSCs increase infiltration and decrease runoff compared to physical crusts. In general, infiltration increases with greater BSC development (Chapter II). However, there are exceptions to this general pattern that are conditioned by other factors such as the spatial scale under study or the type of rainfall. At small plot sizes (0.25 m2) and after 1h-high intensity simulated rainfall (50 mmh-1), we found that well-developed BSCs such as lichens, generate higher runoff rates than less developed BSCs as cyanobacteria, and similar runoff rates to physical crusts (Chapter II). Thus, at microplot scales and under extreme events, the effect of well-developed BSCs in enhancing infiltration due to their greater roughness can be overcome by their ability to clog soil pores when wet, thus increasing runoff. However, when the influence of BSCs on infiltration and runoff is analysed under natural rain events and at larger spatial scales (1-10 m2), we found that, in low intensity rainfalls, runoff decreases with the cover of well-developed BSCs (lichens) and this effect is higher as the plot size increases (Chapter III). Such decrease in runoff with the presence of well-developed BSCs is due to the microtopography that these crusts confer to soils. Under high intensity rainfalls, BSC cover has no significant effect on runoff yield and the main factor acting to determine runoff generation is rainfall intensity (Chapter III). The removal of the crust initially causes infiltration to increase. But this effect diminishes over time as raindrop impact reseals the surface and a new physical crust is formed that increases runoff (Chapter II). Moreover, crust disturbance by trampling but, especially by removal, causes a dramatic increase in erosion (Chapter II). Erosion also depends on the type of BSC. Well-developed crusts as lichens and mosses generate lower erosion rates than less developed crusts as cyanobacteria. Regarding the influence of BSCs on soil evaporation, under saturation conditions and warm ambient temperatures, soil water loss is quick in all types of surfaces and no significant differences are found in soils with or without BSCs (Chapter V). However, during long cold wet periods, soil water loss is faster in soils devoid of BSCs than in those covered by them. Thus, BSC-crusted soils maintain more soil moisture at the upper soil layer (0.03 m) than adjacent soils where the BSC has been removed, during wet periods. At deeper soil (0.10 m), soil moisture is similar in both BSC-crusted and uncrusted soils. The removal of the BSC causes a higher decrease in soil moisture in fine-textured soils (Cautivo), where the presence of BSCs has a stronger influence on increasing porosity and infiltration, than in coarse-textured soils (Las Amoladeras). During dry soil periods, soil moisture is similar in soils with or without BSCs (Chapter V). Last, a quantitative analysis of spectral characteristics of vegetation, physical crusts and BSC developmental stages has demonstrated the possibility of classifying these common ground covers in semiarid areas based on distinctive spectral features (Chapter VI). The application of the classification system developed to multi and hiperspectral provides the possibility for future mapping of spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of BSCs, which is crucial to incorporating the effects of crusted surfaces in current hydrological and erosion models. Summarizing, compared to physical crusts, the presence of BSCs increase physico-chemical properties of underlying soils, especially in the first centimeters of soil, and this enhancement is greater as the BSC is more developed. Due to this increase in soil properties and the higher roughness that BSCs provide to soils, BSCs increase water input by increasing infiltration and soil moisture, and soil moisture, and reduce water output by reducing soil evaporation. Hence, compared to physical crusts, the presence of BSCs and, especially the presence of well-developed BSCs, have an overall positive effect on the local water balance in semiarid ecosystems, in addition to having a major role in protecting soils from erosion.
The Crust Will Come And Get You At Night
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Author : Lisa Killion
language : en
Publisher: Xlibris Corporation
Release Date : 2009-12-23
The Crust Will Come And Get You At Night written by Lisa Killion and has been published by Xlibris Corporation this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-12-23 with Juvenile Fiction categories.
During a family reunion, I began to believe the story my mother told me. I had asked my aunts and uncles, "If I don't eat my crust, will it come and get me at night?" The look on their faces told me to believe it. Up to that point, the conversation had been lively and interesting.
The Imp And The Crust
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Author : Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1886
The Imp And The Crust written by Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1886 with categories.
Stress Field Of The Earth S Crust
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Author : Arno Zang
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2009-12-06
Stress Field Of The Earth S Crust written by Arno Zang and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-12-06 with Science categories.
Stress Field of the Earth’s Crust is based on lecture notes prepared for a course offered to graduate students in the Earth sciences and engineering at University of Potsdam. In my opinion, it will undoubtedly also become a standard reference book on the desk of most scientists working with rocks, such as geophysicists, structural geologists, rock mechanics experts, as well as geotechnical and petroleum en- neers. That is because this book is concerned with what is probably the most pe- liar characteristic of rock – its initial stress condition. Rock is always under a natural state of stress, primarily a result of the gravitational and tectonic forces to which it is subjected. Crustal stresses can vary regionally and locally and can reach in places considerable magnitudes, leading to natural or man-made mechanical failure. P- existing stress distinguishes rock from most other materials and is at the core of the discipline of “Rock Mechanics”, which has been developed over the last century. Knowledge of rock stress is fundamental to understanding faulting mechanisms and earthquake triggering, to designing stable underground caverns and prod- tive oil fields, and to improving mining methods and geothermal energy extraction, among others. Several books have been written on the subject, but none has atte- ted to be as all-encompassing as the one by Zang and Stephansson.
Feasibility Study Of General Crust Management As A Technique For Increasing Capacity Of Dredged Material Containment Areas
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Author : Kenneth Warren Brown
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1977
Feasibility Study Of General Crust Management As A Technique For Increasing Capacity Of Dredged Material Containment Areas written by Kenneth Warren Brown and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1977 with Dredges categories.
The influence of meteorological conditions and the physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of fine-grained dredged material on the formation of crusts resulting from evaporative drying in confinement areas was evaluated. After decantation, the moisture content of the surface layer is equivalent to about 2.5 times the liquid limit. Evaporation of moisture during the first stage of drying is nearly the same as that from an open pan until the moisture content decreases to about 1.8 times the liquid limit. After this, drying proceeds at a rate dependent on the transport of moisture to the surface. As the material desiccates, surface cracks open. The volume shrinkage is equivalent to the volume of water evaporated as the crust forms, and evidence is given that the volume change is irreversible. Rainfall is shed from the crust and drains into the cracks, from which it can run off if channels are provided to the outflow weir. Management practices, including stirring and the removal of a thin layer of crust, produced only small increases in evaporation rate for a few days. Systems were developed to dig drainage trenches in the confinements and to remove the consolidated crust. A small dredge appears to offer the most promise for cutting deep or wide surface drainage ditches.
Under The Crust
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Author : Thomas Nelson Page
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1911
Under The Crust written by Thomas Nelson Page and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1911 with History categories.
Crust Mantle Thermal Structure And Tectonothermal Evolution Of The Tibetan Plateau
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Author : Xianjie Shen
language : en
Publisher: VSP
Release Date : 1996-12
Crust Mantle Thermal Structure And Tectonothermal Evolution Of The Tibetan Plateau written by Xianjie Shen and has been published by VSP this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996-12 with Science categories.
This monograph deals with systematic studies of all relevant thermal aspects of the Tibetan Plateau, including terrestrial heat flow measures, distribution pattern of observed heat flow along a N-S profile, crust-mantle thermal structure, and North-Middle-South triple heterogeneity across the whole plateau. Main emphasis has been put on the close correlation between thermal and comprehensive geophysical fields and the intrinsic genetic linkage between tectonic deformation of terranes and thereby induced deep-seated and superficial theral activities and responses. This new approach, in combination with available geoscientific research results, has led to a synthetic idea of integrated tectonothermal evolution of the Tibetan Plateau.