The Depth Of Mid Ocean Ridges Through Earth S Evolution And A Two Phase Study Of Melt Focusing At Mid Ocean Ridges
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The Depth Of Mid Ocean Ridges Through Earth S Evolution And A Two Phase Study Of Melt Focusing At Mid Ocean Ridges
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Author : Shi Sim
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
The Depth Of Mid Ocean Ridges Through Earth S Evolution And A Two Phase Study Of Melt Focusing At Mid Ocean Ridges written by Shi Sim and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
Mid-ocean ridges are prominent features of plate tectonics, stretching for more than 60,000 km in the major ocean basins. Organisms thrive at mid-ocean ridges making it a unique system that connects life, water and plate tectonics. This thesis evaluates the evolution of the global ridge system and considers the processes of melt focusing beneath mid-ocean ridges using two phase flow models. First, I use whole Earth mantle convection models to understand how the global ridge system might have changed over Earth's evolution along with the depths of ocean. I show that mid-ocean ridges have remained submerged over geologic time and that its average depths have not varied by more than 500 m. Mid-ocean ridges contribute to 90% of global magmatism and yet melt generation and extraction are not well understood due to the difficulty in surveying these systems submerged under a few kilometers of ocean. Active seismic and magnetotelluric surveys suggest that melt is generated in a wide region beneath mid-ocean ridges (Forsyth et al., 1998; Key et al., 2013) and yet the oceanic crust is formed within a narrow neo-volcanic zone at the ridge axis (Macdonald, 1984). Several mechanisms to focus melt have been proposed (Spiegelman and McKenzie, 1987; Phipps-Morgan, 1987; Sparks and Parmentier, 1991; Aharonov et al., 1995). I present new open source two phase models, Melt in the Mantle beneath Mid-ocean ridges (M3LT), based on TerraFERMA, the Transparent Finite Element Rapid Model Assembler (Wilson et al., 2017), a software for coupled multi-physics problems. Our multi-phase flow models incorporate realistic viscosities and thermal feedbacks. To ensure reproducibility, the models are openly available in the form of TerraFERMA mark up language files. I present a suite of models varying the half spreading rates. The melt generated in our models produce oceanic crustal thicknesses within geophysical observations. We use these models to review and illustrate three mechanisms that are responsible for melt focusing namely, ridge suction, decompaction layers and melting rate focusing (recently observed mechanism). I show that decompaction layers and melting rate focusing are the dominant mechanisms for focusing melt at mid-ocean ridges. Model results show that the melting rate focusing persists regardless of half spreading rates, while the proportion of melt focused by decompaction layers increases with half spreading rate.
Evolution Of Mid Ocean Ridges
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Author : John M. Sinton
language : en
Publisher: American Geophysical Union
Release Date : 1989
Evolution Of Mid Ocean Ridges written by John M. Sinton and has been published by American Geophysical Union this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with Science categories.
Outgrowth of IUGG Union Symposium 9 held during the 1987 IUGG General Assembly at Vancouver, Canada, and jointly sponsored by IAVCEI and others.
Mid Ocean Ridges
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Author : Johnson Robin Cann
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 1999-07-22
Mid Ocean Ridges written by Johnson Robin Cann and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-07-22 with Science categories.
Covers the most important problems that arise at mid-ocean ridges; for researchers working in the earth sciences.
Treatise On Geophysics
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2015-04-17
Treatise On Geophysics written by and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-04-17 with Science categories.
Treatise on Geophysics, Second Edition, is a comprehensive and in-depth study of the physics of the Earth beyond what any geophysics text has provided previously. Thoroughly revised and updated, it provides fundamental and state-of-the-art discussion of all aspects of geophysics. A highlight of the second edition is a new volume on Near Surface Geophysics that discusses the role of geophysics in the exploitation and conservation of natural resources and the assessment of degradation of natural systems by pollution. Additional features include new material in the Planets and Moon, Mantle Dynamics, Core Dynamics, Crustal and Lithosphere Dynamics, Evolution of the Earth, and Geodesy volumes. New material is also presented on the uses of Earth gravity measurements. This title is essential for professionals, researchers, professors, and advanced undergraduate and graduate students in the fields of Geophysics and Earth system science. Comprehensive and detailed coverage of all aspects of geophysics Fundamental and state-of-the-art discussions of all research topics Integration of topics into a coherent whole
Seismology And Structure Of The Earth
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Author : Barbara Romanowicz
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2010-04-20
Seismology And Structure Of The Earth written by Barbara Romanowicz and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-04-20 with Science categories.
Treatise on Geophysics: Seismology and Structure of the Earth, Volume 1, provides a comprehensive review of the state of knowledge on the Earths structure and earthquakes. It addresses various aspects of structural seismology and its applications to other fields of Earth sciences. The book is organized into four parts. The first part principally covers theoretical developments and seismic data analysis techniques from the end of the nineteenth century until the present, with the main emphasis on the development of instrumentation and its deployment. The second part reviews the status of knowledge on the structure of the Earths shallow layers, starting with a global review of the Earth's crustal structure. The third part focuses on the Earth's deep structure, divided into its main units: the upper mantle, the transition zone and upper-mantle discontinuities, the D region at the base of the mantle, and the Earth's core. The fourth part comprises two chapters which discuss constraints on Earth structure from fields other than seismology: mineral physics and geodynamics. Self-contained volume starts with an overview of the subject then explores each topic with in depth detail Extensive reference lists and cross references with other volumes to facilitate further research Full-color figures and tables support the text and aid in understanding Content suited for both the expert and non-expert
Timescales Of Magmatic Processes
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Author : Anthony Dosseto
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2010-12-13
Timescales Of Magmatic Processes written by Anthony Dosseto and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-12-13 with Science categories.
Quantifying the timescales of current geological processes is critical for constraining the physical mechanisms operating on the Earth today. Since the Earth’s origin 4.55 billion years ago magmatic processes have continued to shape the Earth, producing the major reservoirs that exist today (core, mantle, crust, oceans and atmosphere) and promoting their continued evolution. But key questions remain. When did the core form and how quickly? How are magmas produced in the mantle, and how rapidly do they travel towards the surface? How long do magmas reside in the crust, differentiating and interacting with the host rocks to yield the diverse set of igneous rocks we see today? How fast are volcanic gases such as carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere? This book addresses these and other questions by reviewing the latest advances in a wide range of Earth Science disciplines: from the measurement of short-lived radionuclides to the study of element diffusion in crystals and numerical modelling of magma behaviour. It will be invaluable reading for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, as well as igneous petrologists, mineralogists and geochemists involved in the study of igneous rocks and processes.
Deep Carbon
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Author : Beth N. Orcutt
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2019-10-17
Deep Carbon written by Beth N. Orcutt and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-10-17 with Nature categories.
A comprehensive guide to carbon inside Earth - its quantities, movements, forms, origins, changes over time and impact on planetary processes. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Mid Ocean Ridges
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Author : Roger Searle
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2013-09-19
Mid Ocean Ridges written by Roger Searle and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-09-19 with Science categories.
An ideal multidisciplinary introduction to the key global phenomenon of mid-ocean ridges, for graduate and advanced undergraduate students and professionals.
Using Geochemical Data
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Author : Hugh Richard Rollinson
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2021-05-06
Using Geochemical Data written by Hugh Richard Rollinson and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-05-06 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
How best to interpret and apply geochemical data to understand geological processes, for graduate students, researchers, and professionals.
The Web Of Geological Sciences
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Author : Marion Eugene Bickford
language : en
Publisher: Geological Society of America
Release Date : 2013
The Web Of Geological Sciences written by Marion Eugene Bickford and has been published by Geological Society of America this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Science categories.
"This volume covers many of the important advances in the geological sciences from 1963 to 2013. These advances include understanding plate tectonics, exploration of the Moon and Mars, development of new computing and analytical technologies, understanding of the role of microbiology in geologic processes, and many others"--Provided by publisher.