The Development Of Layered Photonic Band Gap Structures Using A Micro Transfer Molding Technique
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The Development Of Layered Photonic Band Gap Structures Using A Micro Transfer Molding Technique
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Author : Kevin Jerome Sutherland
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
The Development Of Layered Photonic Band Gap Structures Using A Micro Transfer Molding Technique written by Kevin Jerome Sutherland and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with categories.
Over the last ten years, photonic band gap (PBG) theory and technology have become an important area of research because of the numerous possible applications ranging from high-efficiency laser diodes to optical circuitry. This research concentrates on reducing the length scale in the fabrication of layered photonic band gap structures and developing procedures to improve processing consistency. Various procedures and materials have been used in the fabrication of layered PBG structures. This research focused on an economical micro transfer molding approach to create the final PBG structure. A poly dimethlysiloxane (PDMS) rubber mold was created from a silicon substrate. It was filled with epoxy and built layer-by-layer to create a 3-D epoxy structure. This structure was infiltrated with nanoparticle titania or a titania sol-gel, then fired to remove the polymer mold, leaving a monolithic ceramic inverse of the epoxy structure. The final result was a lattice of titania rods that resembles a face-centered tetragonal structure. The original intent of this research was to miniaturize this process to a bar size small enough to create a photonic band gap for wavelengths of visible electro-magnetic radiation. The factor limiting progress was the absence of a silicon master mold of small enough dimensions. The Iowa State Microelectronics Research Center fabricated samples with periodicities of 2.5 and 1.0 microns with the existing technology, but a sample was need on the order of 0.3 microns or less. A 0.4 micron sample was received from Sandia National Laboratory, which was made through an electron beam lithography process, but it contained several defects. The results of the work are primarily for from the 2.5 and 1.0 micron samples. Most of the work focused on changing processing variables in order to optimize the infiltration procedure for the best results. Several critical parameters were identified, ranging from the ambient conditions to the specifics of the procedure. It is believed that most critical for fabrication of high quality samples is control of the temperature of the sample during and after infiltration, and the rate and amount of time spent applying epoxy to the PDMS.
The Development Of Layered Photonic Band Gap Structures Using A Micro Transfer Molding Technique
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
The Development Of Layered Photonic Band Gap Structures Using A Micro Transfer Molding Technique written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with categories.
Over the last ten years, photonic band gap (PBG) theory and technology have become an important area of research because of the numerous possible applications ranging from high-efficiency laser diodes to optical circuitry. This research concentrates on reducing the length scale in the fabrication of layered photonic band gap structures and developing procedures to improve processing consistency. Various procedures and materials have been used in the fabrication of layered PBG structures. This research focused on an economical micro transfer molding approach to create the final PBG structure. A poly dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) rubber mold was created from a silicon substrate. It was filled with epoxy and built layer-by-layer to create a 3-D epoxy structure. This structure was infiltrated with nanoparticle titania or a titania sol-gel, then fired to remove the polymer mold, leaving a monolithic ceramic inverse of the epoxy structure. The final result was a lattice of titania rolds that resembles a face-centered tetragonal structure. The original intent of this research was to miniaturize this process to a bar size small enough to create a photonic band gap for wavelengths of visible electro-magnetic radiation. The factor limiting progress was the absence of a silicon master mold of small enough dimensions. The Iowa State Microelectronics Research Center fabricated samples with periodicities of 2.5 and 1.0 microns with the existing technology, but a sample was needed on the order of 0.3 microns or less. A 0.4 micron sample was received from Sandia National Laboratory, which was made through an electron beam lithography process, but it contained several defects. The results of the work are primarily from the 2.5 and 1.0 micron samples. Most of the work focused on changing processing variables in order to optimize the infiltration procedure for the best results. Several critical parameters were identified, ranging from the ambient conditions to the specifics of the procedure. It is believed that most critical for fabrication of high quality samples is control of the temperature of the sample during and after infiltration, and the rate and amount of time spent applying epoxy to the PDMS.
Fabrication Of Ceramic Layer By Layer Infrared Wavelength Photonic Band Gap Crystals
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Author : Henry Hao-Chuan Kang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Fabrication Of Ceramic Layer By Layer Infrared Wavelength Photonic Band Gap Crystals written by Henry Hao-Chuan Kang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with categories.
Photonic band gap (PBG) crystals, also known as photonic crystals, are periodic dielectric structures which form a photonic band gap that prohibit the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves of certain frequencies at any incident angles. Photonic crystals have several potential applications including zero-threshold semiconductor lasers, the inhibiting spontaneous emission, dielectric mirrors, and wavelength filters. If defect states are introduced in the crystals, light can be guided from one location to another or even a sharp bending of light in submicron scale can be achieved. This generates the potential for optical waveguide and optical circuits, which will contribute to the improvement in the fiber-optic communications and the development of high-speed computers. The goal of this dissertation research is to explore techniques for fabricating 3D ceramic layer-by-layer (LBL) photonic crystals operating in the infrared frequency range, and to characterize the infilling materials properties that affect the fabrication process as well as the structural and optical properties of the crystals. While various approaches have been reported in literature for the fabrication of LBL structure, the uniqueness of this work ties with its cost-efficiency and relatively short process span. Besides, very few works have been reported on fabricating ceramic LBL crystals at mid-IR frequency range so far. The fabrication techniques reported here are mainly based on the concepts of microtransfer molding with the use of polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) as molds/stamps. The infilling materials studied include titanium alkoxide precursors and aqueous suspensions of nanosize titania particles (slurries). Various infilling materials were synthesized to determine viscosities, effects on drying and firing shrinkages, effects on film surface roughness, and their moldability. Crystallization and phase transformation of the materials were also monitored using DTA, TGA and XRD. Multilayer crystal structures of 2.5 and 1.0 [mu]m periodicity have been successfully built. The structures of the fabricated crystals are inspected with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the optical characteristics are examined with optical microscopy and FtIR spectroscopy.
Research Program Summary Department Of Materials Sciences And Engineering Ames Laboratory
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date :
Research Program Summary Department Of Materials Sciences And Engineering Ames Laboratory written by and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with categories.
Master S Theses Directories
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Master S Theses Directories written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Dissertations, Academic categories.
"Education, arts and social sciences, natural and technical sciences in the United States and Canada".
Diamond Materials Vi
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Author : Jimmy Lee Davidson
language : en
Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
Release Date : 2000
Diamond Materials Vi written by Jimmy Lee Davidson and has been published by The Electrochemical Society this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with Technology & Engineering categories.
"The sixth International Symposium on Diamond Materials was held at the 196th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society in Honolulu, Hawaii from Ooctober 17 to October 22, 1999"--Pref.
Laser Growth And Processing Of Photonic Devices
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Author : Nikolaos A Vainos
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2012-07-10
Laser Growth And Processing Of Photonic Devices written by Nikolaos A Vainos and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-07-10 with Technology & Engineering categories.
The use of lasers in the processing of electronic and photonic material is becoming increasingly widespread, with technological advances reducing costs and increasing both the quality and range of novel devices which can be produced. Laser growth and processing of photonic devices is the first book to review this increasingly important field. Part one investigates laser-induced growth of materials and surface structures, with pulsed laser deposition techniques, the formation of nanocones and the fabrication of periodic photonic microstructures explored in detail. Laser-induced three-dimensional micro- and nano-structuring are the focus of part two. Exploration of multiphoton lithography, processing and fabrication is followed by consideration of laser-based micro- and nano-fabrication, laser-induced soft matter organization and microstructuring, and laser-assisted polymer joining methods. The book concludes in part three with an investigation into laser fabrication and manipulation of photonic structures and devices. Laser seeding and thermal processing of glass with nanoscale resolution, laser-induced refractive index manipulation, and the thermal writing of photonic devices in glass and polymers are all considered. With its distinguished editor and international team of expert contributors, Laser growth and processing of photonic devices is an essential tool for all materials scientists, engineers and researchers in the microelectronics industry. The first book to review the increasingly important field of laser growth and processing of photonic devices Investigates laser-induced growth of materials and surface structures, pulsed laser deposition techniques, the formation of nanocones and the fabrication of periodic photonic microstructures Examines laser-induced three-dimensional micro- and nano-structuring and concludes with an investigation into laser fabrication and manipulation of photonic structures and devices
Soft Lithographical Fabrication Of Three Dimensional Photonic Crystals In The Optical Regime
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Soft Lithographical Fabrication Of Three Dimensional Photonic Crystals In The Optical Regime written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
This dissertation describes several projects to realize low-cost and high-quality three-dimensional (3D) microfabrication using non-photolithographic techniques for layer-by-layer photonic crystals. Low-cost, efficient 3D microfabrication is a demanding technique not only for 3D photonic crystals but also for all other scientific areas, since it may create new functionalities beyond the limit of planar structures. However, a novel 3D microfabrication technique for photonic crystals implies the development of a complete set of sub-techniques for basic layer-by-layer stacking, inter-layer alignment, and material conversion. One of the conventional soft lithographic techniques, called microtransfer molding (?TM), was developed by the Whitesides group in 1996. Although ?TM technique potentially has a number of advantages to overcome the limit of conventional photolithographic techniques in building up 3D microstructures, it has not been studied intensively after its demonstration. This is mainly because of technical challenges in the nature of layer-by-layer fabrication, such as the demand of very high yield in fabrication. After two years of study on conventional ?TM, We have developed an advanced microtransfer molding technique, called two-polymer microtransfer molding (2P-?TM) that shows an extremely high yield in layer-by-layer microfabrication sufficient to produce highly layered microstructures. The use of two different photo-curable prepolymers, a filler and an adhesive, allows for fabrication of layered microstructures without thin films between layers. The capabilities of 2P-?TM are demonstrated by the fabrication of a wide-area 12-layer microstructure with high structural fidelity. Second, we also had to develop an alignment technique. We studied the 1st-order diffracted moire fringes of transparent multilayered structures comprised of irregularly deformed periodic patterns. By a comparison study of the diffracted moire fringe pattern and detailed microscopy of the structure, we show that the diffracted moire fringe can be used as a nondestructive tool to analyze the alignment of multilayered structures. We demonstrate the alignment method for the case of layer-by-layer microstructures using soft lithography. The alignment method yields high contrast of fringes even when the materials being aligned have very weak contrasts. The imaging method of diffracted moire fringes is a versatile visual tool for the microfabrication of transparent deformable microstructures in layer-by-layer fashion. Third, we developed several methods to convert a polymer template to dielectric or metallic structures, for instance, metallic infiltration using electrodeposition, metallic coating using sputter deposition, dielectric infiltration using titania nano-slurry, and dielectric coating using atomic layer deposition of Titania. By several different developed techniques, high quality photonic crystals have been successfully fabricated; however, I will focus on a line of techniques to reach metallic photonic crystals in this dissertation since they are completely characterized at this moment. In addition to the attempts for photonic crystal fabrication, our non-photolithographic technique is applied for other photonic applications such as small optical waveguides whose diameter is comparable to the wavelength of guided light. Although, as guiding medium, polymers have tremendous potential because of their enormous variation in optical, chemical and mechanical properties, their application for optical waveguides is limited in conventional photolithography. By 2P-?TM, we achieve low cost, high yield, high fidelity, and tailorable fabrication of small waveguides. Embedded semiconductor quantum-dots and grating couplers are used for efficient internal and external light source, respectively.
Photonic Band Gap Materials
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Author : C.M. Soukoulis
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Photonic Band Gap Materials written by C.M. Soukoulis and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
Photonic band gap crystals offer unique ways to tailor light and the propagation of electromagnetic waves. In analogy to electrons in a crystal, EM waves propagating in a structure with a periodically-modulated dielectric constant are organized into photonic bands separated by gaps in which propagating states are forbidden. Proposed applications of such photonic band gap crystals, operating at frequencies from microwave to optical, include zero- threshold lasers, low-loss resonators and cavities, and efficient microwave antennas. Spontaneous emission is suppressed for photons in the photonic band gap, offering novel approaches to manipulating the EM field and creating high-efficiency light-emitting structures. Photonic Band Gap Materials identifies three most promising areas of research. The first is materials fabrication, involving the creation of high quality, low loss, periodic dielectric structures. The smallest photonic crystals yet fabricated have been made by machining Si wafers along (110), and some have lattice constants as small as 500 microns. The second area is in applications. Possible applications presented are microwave mirrors, directional antennas, resonators (especially in the 2 GHz region), filters, waveguides, Y splitters, and resonant microcavities. The third area covers fundamentally new physical phenomena in condensed matter physics and quantum optics. An excellent review of recent development, covering theoretical, experimental and applied aspects. Interesting and stimulating reading for active researchers, as well as a useful reference for non-specialists.
International Aerospace Abstracts
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1999
International Aerospace Abstracts written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Aeronautics categories.