The Development Of The Chlorinity Salinity Concept In Oceanography
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The Development Of The Chlorinity Salinity Concept In Oceanography
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 1974-01-01
The Development Of The Chlorinity Salinity Concept In Oceanography written by and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1974-01-01 with Science categories.
The Development of the Chlorinity/ Salinity Concept in Oceanography
The Development Of The Chlorinity Salinity Concept In Oceanography
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Author : William John WAllace
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1971
The Development Of The Chlorinity Salinity Concept In Oceanography written by William John WAllace and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1971 with Chlorine categories.
This study traces the historical foundations of the concept of constant ionic proportionality and the equation (Salinity [S%0] = 1.805 Chlorinity [Cl%0] + 0.030) which has been in general use in oceanography since 1902 until 1969 and which is based upon this constancy, The notion that the constituents present in sea water exist in constant proportions was first clearly stated by Marcet in 1819. The germ of the idea may be found, however, in the works of Bergmann in the late eighteenth century and implied in other works. Maury, in the mid-nineteenth century, popularized the concept and Forchhammer, in 1865, strengthened this idea by quantifying it and introducing the use of the "coefficient" of chlorine to determine salinity, Although he determined a slightly different value for the coefficient, Dittmar regarded his analysis of the sea water samples from the Challenger expedition as a vindication of Forchhammer's work. Knudsen, Forch and Sorensen, in 1902 gave a lengthy gravimetric definition for salinity based on the analysis of nine water samples. As this procedural definition was in practice too time-consuming to perform, the above equation was presented which relates the determination of salinity to that of chlorinity. The work of Knudsen, Forch and Sorensen, and that of Dittmar before them, was accepted as demonstrating the constancy of ionic proportionality, and the equation was a cornerstone of chemical oceanography from 1902 to 1958. In 1958 a number of oceanographers began to criticize the equation and its underlying concept of constancy and to call for a redefinition of salinity. In 1969 a change in definition was formally recommended. This study supports such a redefinition on the basis that the historical evidence indicates that no one has ever demonstrated that the constituents of sea water exist in constant proportion, that the number and types of sea water samples available to Knudsen, Forch and Sorensen were not representative of the open ocean, and that these workers, themselves, believed the definition they gave to be only a temporary one.
Descriptive Physical Oceanography
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Author : Lynne D. Talley
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2011-04-11
Descriptive Physical Oceanography written by Lynne D. Talley and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-04-11 with Science categories.
Descriptive Physical Oceanography, Sixth Edition, provides an introduction to the field with an emphasis on large-scale oceanography based mainly on observations. Topics covered include the physical properties of seawater, heat and salt budgets, instrumentation, data analysis methods, introductory dynamics, oceanography and climate variability of each of the oceans and of the global ocean, and brief introductions to the physical setting, waves, and coastal oceanography. This updated version contains ocean basin descriptions, including ocean climate variability, emphasizing dynamical context; new chapters on global ocean circulation and introductory ocean dynamics; and a new companion website containing PowerPoint figures, lecture and study guides, and practical exercises for analyzing a global ocean data set using Java OceanAtlas. This text is ideal for undergraduates and graduate students in marine sciences and oceanography. - Expanded ocean basin descriptions, including ocean climate variability, emphasizing dynamical context - New chapters on global ocean circulation and introductory ocean dynamics - Companion website containing PowerPoint figures, supplemental chapters, and practical exercises for analyzing a global ocean data set using Java OceanAtlas
Reader S Guide To The History Of Science
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Author : Arne Hessenbruch
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2013-12-16
Reader S Guide To The History Of Science written by Arne Hessenbruch and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-12-16 with History categories.
The Reader's Guide to the History of Science looks at the literature of science in some 550 entries on individuals (Einstein), institutions and disciplines (Mathematics), general themes (Romantic Science) and central concepts (Paradigm and Fact). The history of science is construed widely to include the history of medicine and technology as is reflected in the range of disciplines from which the international team of 200 contributors are drawn.
Catalog Of Copyright Entries Third Series
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Author : Library of Congress. Copyright Office
language : en
Publisher: Copyright Office, Library of Congress
Release Date : 1974
Catalog Of Copyright Entries Third Series written by Library of Congress. Copyright Office and has been published by Copyright Office, Library of Congress this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1974 with Copyright categories.
U S Environmental Protection Agency Library System Book Catalog
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Author : United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Library Systems Branch
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1975
U S Environmental Protection Agency Library System Book Catalog written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Library Systems Branch and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1975 with Environmental protection categories.
Biological Oceanography Of The Baltic Sea
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Author : Pauline Snoeijs-Leijonmalm
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2017-04-04
Biological Oceanography Of The Baltic Sea written by Pauline Snoeijs-Leijonmalm and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-04-04 with Science categories.
This is the first comprehensive science-based textbook on the biology and ecology of the Baltic Sea, one of the world’s largest brackish water bodies. The aim of this book is to provide students and other readers with knowledge about the conditions for life in brackish water, the functioning of the Baltic Sea ecosystem and its environmental problems and management. It highlights biological variation along the unique environmental gradients of the brackish Baltic Sea Area (the Baltic Sea, Belt Sea and Kattegat), especially those in salinity and climate. pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:#262626">The first part of the book presents the challenges for life processes and ecosystem dynamics that result from the Baltic Sea’s highly variable recent geological history and geographical isolation. The second part explains interactions between organisms and their environment, including biogeochemical cycles, patterns of biodiversity, genetic diversity and evolution, biological invasions and physiological adaptations. In the third part, the subsystems of the Baltic Sea ecosystem – the pelagic zone, the sea ice, the deep soft sea beds, the phytobenthic zone, the sandy coasts, and estuaries and coastal lagoons – are treated in detail with respect to the structure and function of communities and habitats and consequences of natural and anthropogenic constraints, such as climate change, discharges of nutrients and hazardous substances. Finally, the fourth part of the book discusses monitoring and ecosystem-based management to deal with contemporary and emerging threats to the ecosystem’s health.
Chemical Oceanography Second Edition
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Author : Frank J. Millero
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 1996-06-25
Chemical Oceanography Second Edition written by Frank J. Millero and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996-06-25 with Science categories.
From Harvard University to the University of Miami, the first edition of Chemical Oceanography was a great success as a textbook. Now you can own the fully updated second edition. Each chapter has been expanded and/or updated in accordance with the current state of knowledge about the chemistry of oceans.
Temperature Salinity Analysis Of World Ocean Waters
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Author : O.I. Mamayev
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2010-05-22
Temperature Salinity Analysis Of World Ocean Waters written by O.I. Mamayev and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-05-22 with Science categories.
Temperature-Salinity Analysis of World Ocean Waters
Chemical Oceanography Third Edition
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Author : Frank J. Millero
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2005-09-09
Chemical Oceanography Third Edition written by Frank J. Millero and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-09-09 with Science categories.
Chemical Oceanography, Third Edition, is a survey of essential concepts that contains a wealth of new data and maps, resulting in a more in-depth examination of oceanic biogeochemical processes. The most up-to-date compilation of essential concepts and data available on the subject, this book responds to the need for a thorough, yet straightforward approach to the subject for students, researchers, and other professionals in marine science, geochemistry, and environmental chemistry. The third edition of Chemical Oceanography incorporates significant findings on the properties of oceans from recent, large-scale oceanographic programs and valuable new data derived from additional experiments. It also discusses the interactions of metals with inorganic and natural organic ligands and the effect of speciation of metals on bioavailability and toxicity. The section on carbonate systems now examines the input of fossil fuel CO2 into the ocean and its effect on the pH of the world oceans. Frank J. Millero, a world-renowned marine researcher and professor of undergraduate and graduate courses at the University of Miami for nearly 40 years, presents a time-tested and user-friendly resource specifically designed for both classroom use and self-study.