The Disruptive Impact Of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems Diffusion
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The Disruptive Impact Of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems Diffusion
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Author : Austin Wyatt
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2021-11-04
The Disruptive Impact Of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems Diffusion written by Austin Wyatt and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-11-04 with Political Science categories.
Challenging the focus on great powers in the international debate, this book explores how rising middle power states are engaging with emerging major military innovations and analyses how this will affect the stability and security of the Indo Pacific. Presenting a data-based analysis of how middle power actors in the Indo-Pacific are responding to the emergence of military Artificial Intelligence and Killer Robots, the book asserts that continuing to exclude non-great power actors from our thinking in this field enables the dangerous diffusion of Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) to smaller states and terrorist groups, and demonstrates the disruptive effects of these military innovations on the balance of power in the Indo-Pacific. Offering a detailed analysis of the resource capacities of China, United States, Singapore and Indonesia, it shows how major military innovation acts as a circuit breaker between competitor states disrupting the conventional superiority of the dominant hegemonic state and giving a successful adopter a distinct advantage over their opponent. This book will appeal to researchers, end-users in the military and law enforcement communities, and policymakers. It will also be a valuable resource for researchers interested in strategic stability for the broader Asia-Pacific and the role of middle power states in hegemonic power transition and conflict.
Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems In Future Conflicts
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Author : Ted Schroeder
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017-03-10
Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems In Future Conflicts written by Ted Schroeder and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-03-10 with categories.
The conversation on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) centers on the ethics of allowing a computer to decide to kill (or not to kill) a human-being. Much of the current discourse on the topic of autonomous weapons comes from a concern over the ethical implications. Over the coming fifteen years, the technology industry will achieve many milestones that will significantly alter the argument about the use of LAWS. There are currently efforts to institute laws and regulations that will inhibit or remove the use of LAWS. This research will clarify what will be technically possible in the future and take a holistic look at the topic. This study will explore the current technological abilities of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its impacts on civil society. It will further look at AI and its impact on lethal weapons. Ad-ditionally, the study will explore the acceptance of AI in civil society verse the acceptance of AI in conflict. Such exploration is important as the newer technology may change the conversation about the ethics of employing robotics. This conversational change may encourage or even compel policymakers to use LAWS in future conflicts.
Lethal Autonomous Weapons
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Author : Jai Galliott
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2021-01-19
Lethal Autonomous Weapons written by Jai Galliott and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-01-19 with Law categories.
"Because of the increasing use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs, also commonly known as drones) in various military and para-military (i.e., CIA) settings, there has been increasing debate in the international community as to whether it is morally and ethically permissible to allow robots (flying or otherwise) the ability to decide when and where to take human life. In addition, there has been intense debate as to the legal aspects, particularly from a humanitarian law framework. In response to this growing international debate, the United States government released the Department of Defense (DoD) 3000.09 Directive (2011), which sets a policy for if and when autonomous weapons would be used in US military and para-military engagements. This US policy asserts that only "human-supervised autonomous weapon systems may be used to select and engage targets, with the exception of selecting humans as targets, for local defense ...". This statement implies that outside of defensive applications, autonomous weapons will not be allowed to independently select and then fire upon targets without explicit approval from a human supervising the autonomous weapon system. Such a control architecture is known as human supervisory control, where a human remotely supervises an automated system (Sheridan 1992). The defense caveat in this policy is needed because the United States currently uses highly automated systems for defensive purposes, e.g., Counter Rocket, Artillery, and Mortar (C-RAM) systems and Patriot anti-missile missiles. Due to the time-critical nature of such environments (e.g., soldiers sleeping in barracks within easy reach of insurgent shoulder-launched missiles), these automated defensive systems cannot rely upon a human supervisor for permission because of the short engagement times and the inherent human neuromuscular lag which means that even if a person is paying attention, there is approximately a half-second delay in hitting a firing button, which can mean the difference for life and death for the soldiers in the barracks. So as of now, no US UAV (or any robot) will be able to launch any kind of weapon in an offensive environment without human direction and approval. However, the 3000.09 Directive does contain a clause that allows for this possibility in the future. This caveat states that the development of a weapon system that independently decides to launch a weapon is possible but first must be approved by the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (USD(P)); the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics (USD(AT&L)); and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Not all stakeholders are happy with this policy that leaves the door open for what used to be considered science fiction. Many opponents of such uses of technologies call for either an outright ban on autonomous weaponized systems, or in some cases, autonomous systems in general (Human Rights Watch 2013, Future of Life Institute 2015, Chairperson of the Informal Meeting of Experts 2016). Such groups take the position that weapons systems should always be under "meaningful human control," but do not give a precise definition of what this means. One issue in this debate that often is overlooked is that autonomy is not a discrete state, rather it is a continuum, and various weapons with different levels of autonomy have been in the US inventory for some time. Because of these ambiguities, it is often hard to draw the line between automated and autonomous systems. Present-day UAVs use the very same guidance, navigation and control technology flown on commercial aircraft. Tomahawk missiles, which have been in the US inventory for more than 30 years, are highly automated weapons with accuracies of less than a meter. These offensive missiles can navigate by themselves with no GPS, thus exhibiting some autonomy by today's definitions. Global Hawk UAVs can find their way home and land on their own without any human intervention in the case of a communication failure. The growth of the civilian UAV market is also a critical consideration in the debate as to whether these technologies should be banned outright. There is a $144.38B industry emerging for the commercial use of drones in agricultural settings, cargo delivery, first response, commercial photography, and the entertainment industry (Adroit Market Research 2019) More than $100 billion has been spent on driverless car development (Eisenstein 2018) in the past 10 years and the autonomy used in driverless cars mirrors that inside autonomous weapons. So, it is an important distinction that UAVs are simply the platform for weapon delivery (autonomous or conventional), and that autonomous systems have many peaceful and commercial uses independent of military applications"--
Routledge Handbook Of The Future Of Warfare
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Author : Artur Gruszczak
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2023-09-19
Routledge Handbook Of The Future Of Warfare written by Artur Gruszczak and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-09-19 with Political Science categories.
This handbook provides a comprehensive, problem-driven and dynamic overview of the future of warfare. The volatilities and uncertainties of the global security environment raise timely and important questions about the future of humanity’s oldest occupation: war. This volume addresses these questions through a collection of cutting-edge contributions by leading scholars in the field. Its overall focus is prognostic rather than futuristic, highlighting discernible trends, key developments and themes without downplaying the lessons from the past. By making the past meet the present in order to envision the future, the handbook offers a diversified outlook on the future of warfare, which will be indispensable for researchers, students and military practitioners alike. The volume is divided into six thematic sections. Section I draws out general trends in the phenomenon of war and sketches the most significant developments, from the past to the present and into the future. Section II looks at the areas and domains which actively shape the future of warfare. Section III engages with the main theories and conceptions of warfare, capturing those attributes of contemporary conflicts which will most likely persist and determine the dynamics and directions of their transformations. The fourth section addresses differentiation and complexity in the domain of warfare, pointing to those factors which will exert a strong impact on the structure and properties of that domain. Section V focuses on technology as the principal trigger of changes and alterations in the essence of warfare. The final section draws on the general trends identified in Section I and sheds light on how those trends have manifested in specific local contexts. This section zooms in on particular geographies which are seen and anticipated as hotbeds where future warfare will most likely assume its shape and reveal its true colours. This book will be of great interest to students of strategic studies, defence studies, war and technology, and International Relations.
The Limitations Of The Law Of Armed Conflicts New Means And Methods Of Warfare
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Author : Pablo Antonio Fernández-Sánchez
language : en
Publisher: BRILL
Release Date : 2022-05-09
The Limitations Of The Law Of Armed Conflicts New Means And Methods Of Warfare written by Pablo Antonio Fernández-Sánchez and has been published by BRILL this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-05-09 with Law categories.
The new means and methods of warfare challenge the law of armed conflict. For this reason, a deep legal and operational study was required to detect the existing gaps and deregulation.
Disruptive Technology And The Law Of Naval Warfare
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Author : James Kraska
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2022
Disruptive Technology And The Law Of Naval Warfare written by James Kraska and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with Law categories.
Introduction -- Merchant ships -- Unmanned maritime systems -- Lethal autonomous weapons -- Submarine warfare -- Seabed warfare -- Missile warfare and nuclear weapons -- Naval operations in outer space.
Research Handbook On The Arms Trade
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Author : Andrew T.H. Tan
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2020-12-25
Research Handbook On The Arms Trade written by Andrew T.H. Tan and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-12-25 with Political Science categories.
This comprehensive Research Handbook examines the key drivers of the arms trade, mapping the main trends in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America. It also explores the principal defence markets internationally, including the US, China, India, Russia and the UK in greater detail.
Designed For Death
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Author : Steven Umbrello
language : en
Publisher: Trivent Publishing
Release Date : 2022-09-19
Designed For Death written by Steven Umbrello and has been published by Trivent Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-09-19 with Philosophy categories.
Autonomous weapons systems, often referred to as 'killer robots', have been a hallmark of popular imagination for decades. However, with the inexorable advance of artificial intelligence systems (AI) and robotics, killer robots are quickly becoming a reality. These lethal technologies can learn, adapt, and potentially make life and death decisions on the battlefield with little-to-no human involvement. This naturally leads to not only legal but ethical concerns as to whether we can meaningful control such machines, and if so, then how. Such concerns are made even more poignant by the ever-present fear that something may go wrong, and the machine may carry out some action(s) violating the ethics or laws of war. Researchers, policymakers, and designers are caught in the quagmire of how to approach these highly controversial systems and to figure out what exactly it means to have meaningful human control over them, if at all. In Designed for Death, Dr Steven Umbrello aims to not only produce a realistic but also an optimistic guide for how, with human values in mind, we can begin to design killer robots. Drawing on the value sensitive design (VSD) approach to technology innovation, Umbrello argues that context is king and that a middle path for designing killer robots is possible if we consider both ethics and design as fundamentally linked. Umbrello moves beyond the binary debates of whether or not to prohibit killer robots and instead offers a more nuanced perspective of which types of killer robots may be both legally and ethically acceptable, when they would be acceptable, and how to design for them.
Technopolitics And The Making Of Europe
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Author : Nina Klimburg-Witjes
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2023-09-01
Technopolitics And The Making Of Europe written by Nina Klimburg-Witjes and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-09-01 with Political Science categories.
This book explores the processes and practices of the securitization and de-securitization of European infrastructures and how political institutions interact with security and insecurity. Expert contributors address distinct areas, from border politics and biosecurity to health governance and law and border control enforcement, to examine the various ways in which infrastructures are envisioned, designed, negotiated and built. They explore how ‘infrastructuring’ contributes to emergent forms of European identity, integration, and statehood. The book will appeal to scholars and students of Science and Technology Studies, Political Sociology, Critical Security Studies, International Relations, European Integration Studies, Infrastructure Studies, or Critical Border and Migration Studies. The Introduction and the Afterword of this book are freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.
Geopolitics Military Modernisation And The Future Of The Indo Pacific
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Author : Bates Gill
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2024-08-02
Geopolitics Military Modernisation And The Future Of The Indo Pacific written by Bates Gill and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-08-02 with Political Science categories.
This book examines to what extent geopolitics explains the current wave of force modernisation in the Indo-Pacific region. Examining the leading Indo-Pacific nations in terms of defence spending: the United States, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Taiwan, Singapore, Pakistan, Indonesia and Thailand, geopolitical principles are used to create hypotheses that can be tested against the military modernisation programmes of the major actors in the Indo-Pacific region. The book represents a bridge between reference works and the literature on international politics in the Indo-Pacific. The empirical chapters provide qualitative narratives that explore the force postures, military modernisation and procurement patterns of the cases, and assess why these nations’ military modernisation has followed particular courses and evaluate this evidence against the expectations of geopolitics and its rivals. This book will be a valuable addition to scholars, practitioners and, indeed, anyone interested in the future stability of one of the world’s most important and dynamic regions.