The Early Computer Industry
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The Early Computer Industry
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Author : A. Gandy
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2012-11-30
The Early Computer Industry written by A. Gandy and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-11-30 with Business & Economics categories.
Uses case studies to explore why large scale electronics failed to win a leadership position in the early computer industry and why IBM, a firm with a heritage in the business machines industry, succeeded. The cases cover both the US and the UK industry focusing on electronics giants GE, RCA, English Electric, EMI and Ferranti.
Computer
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Author : Martin Campbell-Kelly
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2023-06-19
Computer written by Martin Campbell-Kelly and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-06-19 with History categories.
This volume provides a history of the computer which now comes properly up to the ubiquitous age, with new chapters that look at globalization, platformitization and regulation, allowing readers to engage with the more recent takeover by computers in their historical perspective. With the growing ubiquity of computers, the subject is one of interest to many students and this will feature in history of science and technology courses, and world history courses as well as ones specifically on computing. Books on the history of computing tend to be quite technically or business focused, this covers the social and cultural history as well.
From Mainframes To Smartphones
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Author : Martin Campbell-Kelly
language : en
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Release Date : 2015-06-08
From Mainframes To Smartphones written by Martin Campbell-Kelly and has been published by Harvard University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-06-08 with Business & Economics categories.
This compact history traces the computer industry from its origins in 1950s mainframes, through the establishment of standards beginning in 1965 and the introduction of personal computing in the 1980s. It concludes with the Internet’s explosive growth since 1995. Across these four periods, Martin Campbell-Kelly and Daniel Garcia-Swartz describe the steady trend toward miniaturization and explain its consequences for the bundles of interacting components that make up a computer system. With miniaturization, the price of computation fell and entry into the industry became less costly. Companies supplying different components learned to cooperate even as they competed with other businesses for market share. Simultaneously with miniaturization—and equally consequential—the core of the computer industry shifted from hardware to software and services. Companies that failed to adapt to this trend were left behind. Governments did not turn a blind eye to the activities of entrepreneurs. The U.S. government was the major customer for computers in the early years. Several European governments subsidized private corporations, and Japan fostered R&D in private firms while protecting its domestic market from foreign competition. From Mainframes to Smartphones is international in scope and broad in its purview of this revolutionary industry.
Innovating For Failure
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Author : John Hendry
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press (MA)
Release Date : 1989
Innovating For Failure written by John Hendry and has been published by MIT Press (MA) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with Computers categories.
From computers to body scanners, from hovercraft to monoclonal antibodies, British researchers have been among the world's leaders in scientific discovery and invention. But British business has failed repeatedly to exploit these discoveries. This first in-depth history of the early British computer industry provides a valuable case study in the implementation of public innovation policy with lessons for any country trying to compete for sales in international high-technology markets.The birth of modern computers in Great Britain coincided with the establishment in the late 1940s of the National Research Development Corporation (NRDC), which was charged with assisting commercial development of new technologies. John Hendry details ten years of effort by the NRDC to establish a British computer industry able to compete internationally, particularly with IBM. He examines the reasons for their failure to achieve this and explores the consequences and implications of this failure.Focusing on the creation, implementation, and management of government sponsorship policies and the responses of businesses to those policies, Hendry discusses the broad issues of government policy and the exploitation of technology in the United Kingdom the commercial development of computer technology in post-World War II America and Britain, the genesis and impact of NRDC policies for commercializing the new technology, and the conflict between national competitiveness and the ideals of fairness and consensus.John Hendry is Lecturer in Strategic Management and Director of the Centre for Strategic Management and Organizational Change at the Cranfield School of Management, Cranfield Institute of Technology, England Innovating for Failure is included in the History of Computing series edited by I. Bernard Cohen and William Aspray.
A History Of The Computer Industry
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Author : Stephen Lindfors
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2016-02-10
A History Of The Computer Industry written by Stephen Lindfors and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-02-10 with categories.
The book is a short history of the computer industry, starting with relay computers and ending with the IBM PC, introduced in 1981. Before digital computers, there were digital switching systems, used by the phone companies. With the earliest digital computers, users found them to be just too slow, and vacuum tubes were mainly used in analog devices, like radios. But soon digital counters were invented, showing that vacuum tubes had digital uses also. But vacuum tubes had their own problems, producing too much heat and failing at random. Vacuum tube computers also used too much electric power and too much floor space. In 1947, a new device was invented that would solve those problems. It was the transistor, invented at Bell Labs by Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain. In a few years, computer companies were starting to use transistors in their newest machines. By 1955, just about all of them had given up on vacuum tubes and switched to transistors. Then integrated circuits were invented, allowing many transistors to be included on one chip. Integrated circuits led to the first microprocessor, the 4004, from Intel. A few years later, the first PC was invented, by Steve Wozniak, using a microprocessor. That was in 1975. Six years later, IBM introduced their PC. Before the IBM PC, many people who used a computer used it remotely, connecting with a phone line or a cable. Batch processing was the other option. The book includes two chapters about important people in the industry, plus a glossary, a bibliography, an index and footnotes.
Computer
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Author : Martin Campbell-Kelly
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2018-04-20
Computer written by Martin Campbell-Kelly and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-04-20 with History categories.
Computer: A History of the Information Machine traces the history of the computer and shows how business and government were the first to explore its unlimited, information-processing potential. Old-fashioned entrepreneurship combined with scientific know-how inspired now famous computer engineers to create the technology that became IBM. Wartime needs drove the giant ENIAC, the first fully electronic computer. Later, the PC enabled modes of computing that liberated people from room-sized, mainframe computers. This third edition provides updated analysis on software and computer networking, including new material on the programming profession, social networking, and mobile computing. It expands its focus on the IT industry with fresh discussion on the rise of Google and Facebook as well as how powerful applications are changing the way we work, consume, learn, and socialize. Computer is an insightful look at the pace of technological advancement and the seamless way computers are integrated into the modern world. Through comprehensive history and accessible writing, Computer is perfect for courses on computer history, technology history, and information and society, as well as a range of courses in the fields of computer science, communications, sociology, and management.
Ibm S Early Computers
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Author : Charles J. Bashe
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press (MA)
Release Date : 1986
Ibm S Early Computers written by Charles J. Bashe and has been published by MIT Press (MA) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1986 with Computers categories.
In describing the technical experiences of one company from the beginning of the computer era, this book unfolds the challenges that IBM's research and development laboratories faced, the technological paths they chose, and how these choices affected the company and the computer industry. It chronicles the transformation of IBM into a computer company in a remarkably few years, discussing projects that ended in frustration as well as the more successful ones, and providing a sense of the atmosphere, the people, and the decision-making processes involved during the company's rapid technological transformation. IBM's Early Computers is a unique contribution to the modern history of computers. It focuses on engineering alternatives rather than business and general management considerations and reveals the significance of imaginative solutions to problems in design and technology, from initial experiments with electronics in digital machines to the threshold of the System 360 era. This fair and balanced account of IBM's role in shaping today's electronic revolution identifies the individuals (both inside and outside the company) whose pioneering work influenced developments at IBM. The book's fourteen chapters briefly survey the card machine era and then cover electronic calculation, the magnetic drum calculator, the Defense Calculator and other first-generation products, ferrite core memories, magnetic tape, and disk storage development, programming, transistors, "Project Stretch" (which involved disappointments but led to one of IBM's greatest successes) high-speed printers, research, and new-product-line considerations. Charles J. Bashe, Lyle R. Johnson, John H. Palmer, and Emerson W Pugh are senior members of the staff at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center, each with many years of technical and managerial experience in the developments they describe. IBM's Early Computers is included in the History of Computing Series, edited by I. Bernard Cohen and William Aspray.
The Digital Hand Vol 3
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Author : James W. Cortada
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2007-11-06
The Digital Hand Vol 3 written by James W. Cortada and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-11-06 with Business & Economics categories.
In The third volume of The Digital Hand, James W. Cortada completes his sweeping survey of the effect of computers on American industry, turning finally to the public sector, and examining how computers have fundamentally changed the nature of work in government and education. This book goes far beyond generalizations about the Information Age to the specifics of how industries have functioned, now function, and will function in the years to come. Cortada combines detailed analysis with narrative history to provide a broad overview of computings and telecommunications role in the entire public sector, including federal, state, and local governments, and in K-12 and higher education. Beginning in 1950, when commercial applications of digital technology began to appear, Cortada examines the unique ways different public sector industries adopted new technologies, showcasing the manner in which their innovative applications influenced other industries, as well as the U.S. economy as a whole. He builds on the surveys presented in the first volume of the series, which examined sixteen manufacturing, process, transportation, wholesale and retail industries, and the second volume, which examined over a dozen financial, telecommunications, media, and entertainment industries. With this third volume, The Digital Hand trilogy is complete, and forms the most comprehensive and rigorously researched history of computing in business since 1950, providing a detailed picture of what the infrastructure of the Information Age really looks like and how we got there. Managers, historians, economists, and those working in the public sector will appreciate Cortada's analysis of digital technology's many roles and future possibilities.
Making It Work
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Author : Jeffrey R. Yost
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2017-10-13
Making It Work written by Jeffrey R. Yost and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-10-13 with Technology & Engineering categories.
The evolution of the multi-billion-dollar computer services industry, from consulting and programming to data analytics and cloud computing, with case studies of important companies. The computer services industry has worldwide annual revenues of nearly a trillion dollars and employs millions of workers, but is often overshadowed by the hardware and software products industries. In this book, Jeffrey Yost shows how computer services, from consulting and programming to data analytics and cloud computing, have played a crucial role in shaping information technology—in making IT work. Tracing the evolution of the computer services industry from the 1950s to the present, Yost provides case studies of important companies (including IBM, Hewlett Packard, Andersen/Accenture, EDS, Infosys, and others) and profiles of such influential leaders as John Diebold, Ross Perot, and Virginia Rometty. He offers a fundamental reinterpretation of IBM as a supplier of computer services rather than just a producer of hardware, exploring how IBM bundled services with hardware for many years before becoming service-centered in the 1990s. Yost describes the emergence of companies that offered consulting services, data processing, programming, and systems integration. He examines the development of industry-defining trade associations; facilities management and the firm that invented it, Ross Perot's EDS; time sharing, a precursor of the cloud; IBM's early computer services; and independent contractor brokerages. Finally, he explores developments since the 1980s: the transformations of IBM and Hewlett Packard; the offshoring of enterprises and labor; major Indian IT service providers and the changing geographical deployment of U.S.-based companies; and the paradigm-changing phenomenon of cloud service.
Exploring The Early Digital
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Author : Thomas Haigh
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-04-30
Exploring The Early Digital written by Thomas Haigh and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-04-30 with Computers categories.
Changes in the present challenge us to reinterpret the past, but historians have not yet come to grips with the convergence of computing, media, and communications technology. Today these things are inextricably intertwined, in technologies such as the smartphone and internet, in convergent industries, and in social practices. Yet they remain three distinct historical subfields, tilled by different groups of scholars using different tools. We often call this conglomeration “the digital,” recognizing its deep connection to the technology of digital computing. Unfortunately, interdisciplinary studies of digital practices, digital methods, or digital humanities have rarely been informed by deep engagement with the history of computing.Contributors to this volume have come together to reexamine an apparently familiar era in the history of computing through new lenses, exploring early digital computing and engineering practice as digital phenomena rather than as engines of mathematics and logic. Most focus on the period 1945 to 1960, the era in which the first electronic digital computers were created and the computer industry began to develop. Because digitality is first and foremost a way of reading objects and encoding information within them, we are foregrounding topics that have until now been viewed as peripheral in the history of computing: betting odds calculators, card file systems, program and data storage, programmable calculators, and digital circuit design practices. Reconceptualizing the “history of computing” as study of the “early digital” decenters the stored program computer, repositioning it as one of many digital technologies.