The Economics Of Content Moderation
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The Economics Of Content Moderation
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Author : Rafael Jiménez Durán
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
The Economics Of Content Moderation written by Rafael Jiménez Durán and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
Social media platforms ban users and remove posts to moderate their content. This "speech policing" remains controversial because little is known about its consequences and the costs and benefits for different individuals. I conduct two pre-registered field experiments on Twitter to examine the effect of moderating hate speech on user behavior and welfare. Randomly reporting posts for violating the rules against hateful conduct increases the likelihood that Twitter removes them. Reporting does not affect the activity on the platform of the posts' authors or their likelihood of reposting hate, but it does increase the activity of those attacked by the posts. These results are consistent with a model in which content moderation is a quality decision for platforms that increases user engagement and hence advertising revenue. The second experiment shows that changing users' perceived content removal does not change their willingness to pause using social media, a measure of consumer surplus. My results imply that content moderation does not necessarily moderate users, but it can marginally increase advertising revenue. It can be consistent with both profit and welfare maximization as long as out-of-platform externalities are small.
Encyclopedia Of Big Data
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Author : Laurie A. Schintler
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2022-02-23
Encyclopedia Of Big Data written by Laurie A. Schintler and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-02-23 with Business & Economics categories.
This encyclopedia will be an essential resource for our times, reflecting the fact that we currently are living in an expanding data-driven world. Technological advancements and other related trends are contributing to the production of an astoundingly large and exponentially increasing collection of data and information, referred to in popular vernacular as “Big Data.” Social media and crowdsourcing platforms and various applications ― “apps” ― are producing reams of information from the instantaneous transactions and input of millions and millions of people around the globe. The Internet-of-Things (IoT), which is expected to comprise tens of billions of objects by the end of this decade, is actively sensing real-time intelligence on nearly every aspect of our lives and environment. The Global Positioning System (GPS) and other location-aware technologies are producing data that is specific down to particular latitude and longitude coordinates and seconds of the day. Large-scale instruments, such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), are collecting massive amounts of data on our planet and even distant corners of the visible universe. Digitization is being used to convert large collections of documents from print to digital format, giving rise to large archives of unstructured data. Innovations in technology, in the areas of Cloud and molecular computing, Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning, and Natural Language Processing (NLP), to name only a few, also are greatly expanding our capacity to store, manage, and process Big Data. In this context, the Encyclopedia of Big Data is being offered in recognition of a world that is rapidly moving from gigabytes to terabytes to petabytes and beyond. While indeed large data sets have long been around and in use in a variety of fields, the era of Big Data in which we now live departs from the past in a number of key respects and with this departure comes a fresh set of challenges and opportunities that cut across and affect multiple sectors and disciplines, and the public at large. With expanded analytical capacities at hand, Big Data is now being used for scientific inquiry and experimentation in nearly every (if not all) disciplines, from the social sciences to the humanities to the natural sciences, and more. Moreover, the use of Big Data has been well established beyond the Ivory Tower. In today’s economy, businesses simply cannot be competitive without engaging Big Data in one way or another in support of operations, management, planning, or simply basic hiring decisions. In all levels of government, Big Data is being used to engage citizens and to guide policy making in pursuit of the interests of the public and society in general. Moreover, the changing nature of Big Data also raises new issues and concerns related to, for example, privacy, liability, security, access, and even the veracity of the data itself. Given the complex issues attending Big Data, there is a real need for a reference book that covers the subject from a multi-disciplinary, cross-sectoral, comprehensive, and international perspective. The Encyclopedia of Big Data will address this need and will be the first of such reference books to do so. Featuring some 500 entries, from "Access" to "Zillow," the Encyclopedia will serve as a fundamental resource for researchers and students, for decision makers and leaders, and for business analysts and purveyors. Developed for those in academia, industry, and government, and others with a general interest in Big Data, the encyclopedia will be aimed especially at those involved in its collection, analysis, and use. Ultimately, the Encyclopedia of Big Data will provide a common platform and language covering the breadth and depth of the topic for different segments, sectors, and disciplines.
Behind The Screen
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Author : Sarah T. Roberts
language : en
Publisher: Yale University Press
Release Date : 2019-06-25
Behind The Screen written by Sarah T. Roberts and has been published by Yale University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-06-25 with Social Science categories.
An eye-opening look at the invisible workers who protect us from seeing humanity’s worst on today’s commercial internet Social media on the internet can be a nightmarish place. A primary shield against hateful language, violent videos, and online cruelty uploaded by users is not an algorithm. It is people. Mostly invisible by design, more than 100,000 commercial content moderators evaluate posts on mainstream social media platforms: enforcing internal policies, training artificial intelligence systems, and actively screening and removing offensive material—sometimes thousands of items per day. Sarah T. Roberts, an award-winning social media scholar, offers the first extensive ethnographic study of the commercial content moderation industry. Based on interviews with workers from Silicon Valley to the Philippines, at boutique firms and at major social media companies, she contextualizes this hidden industry and examines the emotional toll it takes on its workers. This revealing investigation of the people “behind the screen” offers insights into not only the reality of our commercial internet but the future of globalized labor in the digital age.
Content Moderation And Advertising In Social Media Platforms
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Author : Leonardo Madio
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Content Moderation And Advertising In Social Media Platforms written by Leonardo Madio and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.
Custodians Of The Internet
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Author : Tarleton Gillespie
language : en
Publisher: Yale University Press
Release Date : 2018-06-26
Custodians Of The Internet written by Tarleton Gillespie and has been published by Yale University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-06-26 with Computers categories.
A revealing and gripping investigation into how social media platforms police what we post online—and the large societal impact of these decisions Most users want their Twitter feed, Facebook page, and YouTube comments to be free of harassment and porn. Whether faced with “fake news” or livestreamed violence, “content moderators”—who censor or promote user†‘posted content—have never been more important. This is especially true when the tools that social media platforms use to curb trolling, ban hate speech, and censor pornography can also silence the speech you need to hear. In this revealing and nuanced exploration, award†‘winning sociologist and cultural observer Tarleton Gillespie provides an overview of current social media practices and explains the underlying rationales for how, when, and why these policies are enforced. In doing so, Gillespie highlights that content moderation receives too little public scrutiny even as it is shapes social norms and creates consequences for public discourse, cultural production, and the fabric of society. Based on interviews with content moderators, creators, and consumers, this accessible, timely book is a must†‘read for anyone who’s ever clicked “like” or “retweet.”
Rule Of Law And Human Rights Issues In Social Media Content Moderation
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Author : MacKenzie F. Common
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Rule Of Law And Human Rights Issues In Social Media Content Moderation written by MacKenzie F. Common and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
Custodians Of The Internet
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Author : Tarleton Gillespie
language : en
Publisher: Yale University Press
Release Date : 2018-01-01
Custodians Of The Internet written by Tarleton Gillespie and has been published by Yale University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-01-01 with Business & Economics categories.
"Most users want their Twitter feed, Facebook page, and YouTube comments to be free of harassment and porn. Whether faced with 'fake news' or livestreamed violence, 'content moderators'--who censor or promote user-posted content--have never been more important. This is especially true when the tools that social media platforms use to curb trolling, ban hate speech, and censor pornography can also silence the speech you need to hear. [The author] provides an overview of current social media practices and explains the underlying rationales for how, when, and why these policies are enforced. In doing so, [the author] highlights that content moderation receives too little public scrutiny even as it is shapes social norms and creates consequences for public discourse, cultural production, and the fabric of society. Based on interviews with content moderators, creators, and consumers, this ... book is ... for anyone who's ever clicked 'like' or 'retweet.'"--
My Other Job
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Author : Anna Sophia Lentini Gibson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
My Other Job written by Anna Sophia Lentini Gibson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
Volunteer content moderation has been a crucial feature of virtual discussion spaces throughout the history of the social internet. Over the last decade, global social media companies have built out the infrastructure for volunteers to administer their own groups and communities. The social media platform Facebook, for example, reported that as of 2020, 70 million volunteers moderate discussion groups regularly used by 1.8 billion people worldwide. Despite its broad use by nearly a quarter of humanity, Facebook's structural opacity has unfortunately limited external access to conduct rigorous research of these spaces. In this dissertation, I examine volunteer moderation on Facebook from the theoretical perspective of the sociology of labor, incorporating insights from management studies and the field of communication. This research uses ethnographic methods and is designed around 41 in-depth interviews with volunteer Facebook admins and moderators who moderate groups that vary in both size and topic. I also introduce a new method for use in digital ethnography that I call over-the-shoulder observation. Analysis of these interviews, field notes, and notes from over-the-shoulder observation yielded important insights into the dynamics of Facebook-hosted group moderation, including a framework for understanding the work of moderation teams, an exploration of volunteer moderation as a route to capital accumulation, and an application of labor process theory to the moderator-platform relationship. More broadly, this dissertation reveals how volunteer moderators' work is shaped by the economics of the emerging platform ecosystem. I argue that the scholarly moderation literature must move beyond framing moderation practices simply through the lenses of normative ethics and effective user experience, and rather scholars must recognize that broader social and economic subjectivities of these actors shape how they make and understand moderation decisions.
Oxford Handbook Of Online Intermediary Liability
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Author : Giancarlo Frosio
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2020-05-04
Oxford Handbook Of Online Intermediary Liability written by Giancarlo Frosio and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-05-04 with Law categories.
To better understand the heterogeneity of the international online intermediary liability regime, The Oxford Handbook of Intermediary Liability Online is designed to provide a comprehensive, authoritative and 'state-of-the-art' discussion of by highlighting emerging trends. This book discusses fundamental legal issues in intermediary liability online, while also describing advancement in intermediary liability theory and identifying recent policy trends. Sections I and II provide a taxonomy of internet platforms, a general discussion of possible basis for liability and remedies, while putting into context intermediary liability regulation with fundamental rights and the ethical implications of the intermediaries' role. Section III presents a jurisdictional overview discussing intermediary liability safe harbour arrangements and highlighting issues with systemic fragmentation and miscellaneous inconsistent approaches. Mapping online intermediary liability worldwide entails the review of a wide-ranging topic, stretching into many different areas of law and domain-specific solutions. Section IV provides an overview of intermediate liability for copyright, trademark, and privacy infringement, together with Internet platforms' obligations and liabilities for defamation, hate and dangerous speech. Section V reviews intermediary liability enforcement strategies by focusing on emerging trends, including proactive monitoring obligations across the entire spectrum of intermediary liability subject matters, blocking orders against innocent third parties, and the emergence of administrative enforcement of intermediary liability online. In addition, Section VI discusses an additional core emerging trend in intermediary liability enforcement: voluntary measures and private ordering. Finally, international private law issues are addressed in Section VII with special emphasis on the international struggle over Internet jurisdiction and extra-territorial enforcement of intermediaries' obligations.
Faces Of Moderation
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Author : Aurelian Craiutu
language : en
Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press
Release Date : 2017-01-12
Faces Of Moderation written by Aurelian Craiutu and has been published by University of Pennsylvania Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-01-12 with Philosophy categories.
Examining the writings of twentieth-century thinkers such as Raymond Aron, Isaiah Berlin, Norberto Bobbio, Michael Oakeshott, and Adam Michnik, Faces of Moderation argues that moderation remains crucial for today's encounters with new forms of extremism.