The Educational Expansion And Persistent Inequality
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The Educational Expansion And Persistent Inequality
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Author : Yool Choi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
The Educational Expansion And Persistent Inequality written by Yool Choi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Sociology and social stratification researchers have long been concerned with the issue of educational inequality, as education is considered a key tool for achieving social mobility and has been shown to be a powerful determinant of an individual's opportunities and quality of life in modern society (Blau and Duncan 1967; Hout 1988; Fischer and Hout 2006). Given the significant role that education plays in determining social mobility, there has emerged a dynamic of competition between social classes for attaining higher education. While marginalized classes seek to overcome their disadvantaged status through education, thus allowing them greater social mobility, higher classes continuously enact social closure behavior through education to secure their advantaged status. Therefore, education is one of the most competitive endeavors in modern society. In this dissertation, I explore the class dynamics of acquiring educational advantages given educational expansion in the United States and South Korea (hereafter Korea). Of key interest are strategies of securing social mobility through education that entail a move away from public education and increased reliance on resources outside of formal schooling. In this dissertation, I examine the effect of three extra-curricular activities on education and labor market outcomes, with a particular focus on the transitional periods of entry into and exit from postsecondary education, along with patterns of student retention and attrition during the years of college enrollment. Specifically, the first chapter of my dissertation uses data from the Educational Longitudinal Survey of 2002 to look at the average and heterogeneous effects of shadow education on SAT scores. The data include extensive information on not only students' socioeconomic background, but also high school information such as GPA, educational aspirations and motivation, which is helpful in estimating the propensity to shadow education and the relationship between shadow education and SAT scores. I use PSM to examine the average relationship between shadow education and SAT achievement, paying attention to the issue of pretreatment heterogeneity. Also, using the stratification-multilevel and smoothing-differencing methods, I examine how the effects of shadow education vary according to likelihood of receiving shadow education. I find that shadow education has significant positive effects on SAT scores and that the effects vary by individual propensity to use shadow education. The pattern of treatment effect heterogeneity indicates positive selection, which indicates that those who are more likely to use shadow education--those who are socioeconomically advantaged--benefit more from shadow education than those who are less likely to use it. Also, public resources such as school prep courses, books, and videos, neither alleviate the effects of private shadow education nor change the pattern of the treatment effect heterogeneity. My findings suggest that shadow education is an emerging mechanism that exacerbates educational inequality in the United States. In the second chapter, using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth from 1997, I examine the relationship between college student employment and dropouts. Since NLSY97 is surveyed annually and includes extensive information about students' educational backgrounds such as high school academic achievements, college financial aid, and the respondent's educational history, it is particularly useful to examine how student employment affects first year attrition and bachelor's degree completion. Using PSM, I estimate the average effects of treatment on the treated and I verify evidence of the treatment effect heterogeneity of student employment on college dropout by using the stratification-multilevel and smoothing-differencing methods. In this chapter, utilizing complex counterfactuals, (e.g., intense work [20 hours or more] vs. moderate work [less than 20 hours] vs. no work), I also examine variations in the effect of work intensity on dropout. In this study, I find that engaging in intense work has deleterious effects on first-year retention and on graduation within six years; however, the effects of intense work vary by likelihood of participation in intense work. The most advantaged students--who are least likely to engage in intense work--experience the most negative consequences from intense work, while such activity is less harmful to those from disadvantaged social backgrounds. I also find that this effect heterogeneity can be attributed to different financial situations and reasons for working between advantaged and disadvantaged students. This finding has two key implications. First, advantaged students should carefully consider engaging in intense work, as it can negatively affect bachelor's degree completion. Second, although the effect of intense work is less harmful for disadvantaged students, providing sufficient financial aid to them is still an important task, as this could help them to balance the intensity of work and school life. The final chapter of my dissertation aims to examine the effects of English training abroad (hereafter ETA) on labor market outcomes in Korea. To examine how ETA affects employment and wages, I conduct survival analysis and quantile regression using data from the Korea Employment Information Service's 2007 Graduate Occupational Mobility Survey. The key finding of this study is that even though the average effects of ETA seem to be modest as most prior research has indicated, ETA does appear to have substantial positive effects on getting a good job and earning higher wages. ETA proved especially helpful for those who did not attend elite colleges. That is, ETA is a useful tool for non-elite students to supplement their weak formal education. Based on these findings, I conclude that ETA has a substantial impact on labor market outcomes in South Korea, and thus labor market opportunities are strongly determined by an socioeconomic background, as the cost of participation in ETA presents a barrier to entry for individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds.
Education Inequality And Social Class
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Author : Ron Thompson
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2019-02-25
Education Inequality And Social Class written by Ron Thompson and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-02-25 with Education categories.
Education, Inequality and Social Class provides a comprehensive discussion of the empirical evidence for persistent inequality in educational attainment. It explores the most important theoretical perspectives that have been developed to understand class-based inequality and frame further research. With clear explanations of essential concepts, this book draws on empirical data from the UK and other countries to illustrate the nature and scale of inequalities according to social background, discussing the interactions of class-based inequalities with those according to race and gender. The book relates aspects of inequality to the features of educational systems, showing how policy choices impact on the life chances of children from different class backgrounds. The relationship between education and social mobility is also explored, using the concepts of social closure, positionality and social congestion. The book also provides detailed discussions of the work of Pierre Bourdieu and Basil Bernstein, two important theorists whose contributions have generated thriving research traditions much used in contemporary educational research. Education, Inequality and Social Class will be essential reading for postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students engaged in the study of education, childhood studies and sociology. It will also be of great interest to academics, researchers and teachers in training.
Growing Gaps
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Author : Paul Attewell
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2010-11-05
Growing Gaps written by Paul Attewell and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-11-05 with Social Science categories.
The last half century has seen a dramatic expansion in access to primary, secondary, and higher education in many nations around the world. Educational expansion is desirable for a country's economy, beneficial for educated individuals themselves, and is also a strategy for greater social harmony. But has greater access to education reduced or exacerbated social inequality? Who are the winners and the losers in the scramble for educational advantage? In Growing Gaps, Paul Attewell and Katherine S. Newman bring together an impressive group of scholars to closely examine the relationship between inequality and education. The relationship is not straightforward and sometimes paradoxical. Across both post-industrial societies and the high-growth economies of the developing world, education has become the central path for upward mobility even as it maintains and exacerbates existing inequalities. In many countries there has been a staggering growth of private education as demand for opportunity has outpaced supply, but the families who must fund this human capital accumulation are burdened with more and more debt. Privatizing education leads to intensified inequality, as students from families with resources enjoy the benefits of these new institutions while poorer students face intense competition for entry to under-resourced public universities and schools. The ever-increasing supply of qualified, young workers face class- or race-based inequalities when they attempt to translate their credentials into suitable jobs. Covering almost every continent, Growing Gaps provides an overarching and essential examination of the worldwide race for educational advantage and will serve as a lasting achievement towards understanding the root causes of inequality.
Persistent Inequality
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Author : Yossi Shavit
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
Persistent Inequality written by Yossi Shavit and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Education categories.
This book encompasses a systematic, comparative study of change in educational stratification in thirteen industrialized countries, exploring which societal conditions help reduce existing inequalities in educational opportunity. The contributors show that in most industrialized countries inequalities in educational opportunity among students from different social strata have been remarkably stable since the early twentieth century. Only in Sweden and the Netherlands has there been a reduction in educational inequalities. The improvements are attributed to aggressive social welfare policies that have equalized living conditions and overall life opportunities in the two countries. Interestingly, the social policies of former socialist states did not produce similar advances - a finding consistent with assertions that under socialism the bureaucratic elites were as effective in protecting the interests of their own children as were elites in many capitalist societies. In contrast to the persistence of socio-economic inequalities in educational opportunity, the gender gap in education has narrowed in all thirteen countries. In fact, in some countries women now attain higher mean levels of education than men. The book concludes with an integrative methodological chapter that introduces new methods of dealing with observed and unobserved sources of heterogeneity in models of educational attainment. The highly structured analyses of educational systems in the thirteen countries allow illuminating comparisons without sacrificing the specialized knowledge required to understand the particularities of each system.
Income Inequality And Education Revisited
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Author : Mr.David Coady
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2017-05-26
Income Inequality And Education Revisited written by Mr.David Coady and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-05-26 with Business & Economics categories.
This paper presents new results on the relationship between income inequality and education expansion—that is, increasing average years of schooling and reducing inequality of schooling. When dynamic panel estimation techniques are used to address issues of persistence and endogeneity, we find a large, positive, statistically significant and stable relationship between inequality of schooling and income inequality, especially in emerging and developing economies and among older age cohorts. The relationship between income inequality and average years of schooling is positive, consistent with constant or increasing returns to additional years of schooling. While this positive relationship is small and not always statistically significant, we find a statistically significant negative relationship with years of schooling of younger cohorts. Statistical tests indicate that our dynamic estimators are consistent and that our identifying instruments are valid. Policy simulations suggest that education expansion will continue to be inequality reducing. This role will diminish as countries develop, but it could be enhanced through a stronger focus on reducing inequality in the quality of education.
Changes In Inequality Of Educational Opportunity
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Author : Pia Nicoletta Blossfeld
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-05-24
Changes In Inequality Of Educational Opportunity written by Pia Nicoletta Blossfeld and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-05-24 with Social Science categories.
Pia Nicoletta Blossfeld provides a long-term longitudinal analysis of the stepwise changes in transitions over the educational careers in East and West Germany using data from the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS). She examines how far reforms aimed to increase the permeability in the German educational system have changed the movements of children, adolescents and young adults in Germany since the last four decades. Her book contributes to the literature of educational sociology by studying the associations between various resources of family background and respondent’s educational histories until final educational attainment. A novelty of her book is the analysis of the role of intercohort changes in social background composition on final educational attainment.
International Studies In Educational Inequality Theory And Policy
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Author : Richard Teese
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2007-06-03
International Studies In Educational Inequality Theory And Policy written by Richard Teese and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-06-03 with Education categories.
Inequality is a marked and persistent feature of education systems, both in the developed and the developing worlds. Major gaps in opportunity and in outcomes have become more critical than in the past, thanks to the knowledge economy and globalization. The pursuit of equity as a goal of public policy is examined in this book through a series of national case-studies. The book covers many different global contexts from the wealthiest to some of the poorest nations on earth. It therefore offers a broad range of different theoretical and methodological approaches, and brings together extensive international experience in equity policy.
Shadow Education And Social Inequalities In Japan
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Author : Steve R. Entrich
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-12-07
Shadow Education And Social Inequalities In Japan written by Steve R. Entrich and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-12-07 with Education categories.
This book examines why Japan has one of the highest enrolment rates in cram schools and private tutoring worldwide. It sheds light on the causes of this high dependence on ‘shadow education’ and its implications for social inequalities. The book provides a deep and extensive understanding of the role of this kind of education in Japan. It shows new ways to theoretically and empirically address this issue, and offers a comprehensive perspective on the impact of shadow education on social inequality formation that is based on reliable and convincing empirical analyses. Contrary to earlier studies, the book shows that shadow education does not inevitably result in increasing or persisting inequalities, but also inherits the potential to let students overcome their status-specific disadvantages and contributes to more opportunities in education. Against the background of the continuous expansion and the convergence of shadow education systems across the globe, the findings of this book call for similar works in other national contexts, particularly Western societies without traditional large-scale shadow education markets. The book emphasizes the importance and urgency to deal with the modern excesses of educational expansion and education as an institution, in which the shadow education industry has made itself (seemingly) indispensable.
Education Systems And Inequalities
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Author : Hadjar, Andreas
language : en
Publisher: Policy Press
Release Date : 2016-06-08
Education Systems And Inequalities written by Hadjar, Andreas and has been published by Policy Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-06-08 with Education categories.
How do education systems shape educational inequalities and differences in educational outcomes? And how do advantages and disadvantages in educational attainment translate into privileges and shortcomings in labour market and general life chances? Education systems and inequalities compares different education systems and their impact on creating and sustaining social inequalities. The book considers key questions such as how education systems impact educational inequalities along such variables as social origin, gender, ethnicity, migration background or ability and what social mechanisms are behind the links between education system and educational inequalities and provides vital evidence to inform debates in policy and reform.
Policy And Practice Challenges For Equality In Education
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Author : Neimann, Theresa
language : en
Publisher: IGI Global
Release Date : 2021-09-10
Policy And Practice Challenges For Equality In Education written by Neimann, Theresa and has been published by IGI Global this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-09-10 with Education categories.
Well-educated populations are important aspects of any contemporary society, as education increases national and global development and the positive expansion of communities to participate actively in civil matters also increases. Educational equality is based on the principles of administrative competence and fairness of access and distribution of resources, opportunities, and treatment, which ensures success for every person. Ensuring equal access to quality education requires addressing a wide range of persistent inequalities in society and includes a stronger focus on how different forms of inequalities intersect to produce unequal opportunities or outcomes that affect marginalized and vulnerable groups. Policy and Practice Challenges for Equality in Education takes a multifaceted look at issues of equality and inequality in education as related to policy, practice, resource access, and distribution. As such, this book explores the potential practices in education that serve to mitigate and transform unproductive practices which have left societies scarred by social and educational inequalities. The chapters provide a critical analysis of the manifestations of inequalities in various educational contexts and discerns how broader social inequalities are informed by education-related matters. This book is ideal for sociologists, administrators, instructors, policymakers, data scientists, community leaders, practitioners, stakeholders, researchers, academicians, and students interested in educational equality and the unique challenges being faced worldwide.