The Effect Of Water Temperature On Underbead Cracking Of Underwater Wet Weldments
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The Effect Of Water Temperature On Underbead Cracking Of Underwater Wet Weldments
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Author : Robert L. Johnson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997-09-01
The Effect Of Water Temperature On Underbead Cracking Of Underwater Wet Weldments written by Robert L. Johnson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997-09-01 with categories.
Specifications for Underwater Welding have not yet addressed the effect of water temperature on weldment microstructure. The environmental effects on Underwater Wet Welding using a shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process are severe with higher quenching rates, porosity, slag inclusions and diffusible hydrogen levels. One of the problems associated with these high quenching rates and high diffusible hydrogen levels is the increased likelihood of underbead cracking in the heat affected zone (HAZ), particularly with steel weldment which have a higher carbon equivalent (approximately greater than 0.3). In this work, the underbead cracking resulting in three underwater test welds made on ASTM 516 grade 70 steel three different water temperatures (2.8 deg C, 10 deg C and 31 deg C) was investigated. This was done by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by making microhardness measurements. HAZ underbead cracking was observed in all three weldments, but was much less prevalent in the 31 deg C sample and could only be seen at high magnifications in the optical microscope. The cracking in this weldment only appeared to occur in isolated regions where head tempering had been ineffective for some reason. The weldments made at 10 deg C and 2.8 deg C both showed extensive evidence of underbead HAZ cracking typical of that associated with rapid cooling rates, high diffusible hydrogen levels and hard microstructures. SEM studies of the surfaces of these cracks showed evidence for transgranular failure with secondary cracking, both of which are typical of hydrogen induced cracking. This work highlights the importance of water temperature, quenching and diffusible hydrogen levels in underwater wet welding. This is an issue of critical importance in the future wet welding structural repair of Naval ships.
Effect Of Water Depth On The Underwater Wet Welding Of Ferritic Steels Using Austenitic Ni Based Alloy Electrodes
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Author : Brian J. Sheakley
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2000
Effect Of Water Depth On The Underwater Wet Welding Of Ferritic Steels Using Austenitic Ni Based Alloy Electrodes written by Brian J. Sheakley and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with categories.
Underwater welding using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) on US Naval Vessels is very attractive because of the ability to effect repairs without costly dry dock expenses. In the past the primary problems with underwater wet weldments on steels utilizing SMAW with ferritic electrodes, were underbead cracking in the heat affected zone (HAZ), slag inclusions, oxide inclusions, and porosity. To avoid underbead cracking three weld samples were made using an austenitic nickel weld metal with an Oxylance coating at 10 feet of salt water, 25 feet of salt water, and 33 feet of salt water. A final sample was made using austenitic nickel weld metal with a Broco coating at 33 feet of salt water. Because of the ductility of the austenitic nickel weld metal no underbead cracking occurred, however porosity and high inclusion counts were found in all four samples. The average size of the inclusion increased with increasing depth. The Broco sample exhibited far greater porosity than did the 0xylance samples. This work addresses quality of the welds, mechanisms for the formation of the inclusions, and analysis of the difference between the Oxylance and Broco weld rods.
Characterization Of Metals And Alloys
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Author : Ramiro Pérez Campos
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-10-24
Characterization Of Metals And Alloys written by Ramiro Pérez Campos and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-10-24 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book covers various aspects of characterization of materials in the areas of metals, alloys, steels, welding, nanomaterials, intermetallic, and surface coatings. These materials are obtained by different methods and techniques like spray, mechanical milling, sol-gel, casting, biosynthesis, and chemical reduction among others. Some of these materials are classified according to application such as materials for medical application, materials for industrial applications, materials used in the oil industry and materials used like coatings. The authors provide a comprehensive overview of structural characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, image analysis, finite element method (FEM), optical microscopy (OM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), infrared photo-thermal radiometry (IPTR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), thermo luminescence (TL), photoluminescence (PL), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and radio frequency (RF). The book includes theoretical models and illustrations of characterization properties—both structural and chemical.
Underwater Welding Soudage Sous L Eau
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Author : H. Granjon
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2013-10-22
Underwater Welding Soudage Sous L Eau written by H. Granjon and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-22 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Underwater Welding contains the proceedings of the International Conference held at Trondheim, Norway on June 27-28, 1983 under the auspices of the International Institute of Welding. The book separates the papers of the conference into Portevin Lecture, General Survey, and another four sections. The Portevin Lecture part explains welding under water and in the splash zone; while the General Survey part talks about the technologies, practices, and metallurgy of underwater welding. The four sections detail the wet and dry welding; inspection and performance; physical, metallurgical, and mechanical problems; as well as repair and other application of the process.
Underwater Wet Welding And Cutting
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Author : Gyoujin Cho
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 1998-07-29
Underwater Wet Welding And Cutting written by Gyoujin Cho and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998-07-29 with Technology & Engineering categories.
The proceedings of an international seminar organised by TWI in conjunction with the Paton Welding Institute, Ukraine and held at TWI Middlesbrough in April 1997. The delegates examined recent theoretical and practical developments of the materials, equipment and processes involved.
Welding Steels Without Hydrogen Cracking
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Author : Norman Bailey
language : en
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
Release Date : 1993-08-03
Welding Steels Without Hydrogen Cracking written by Norman Bailey and has been published by Woodhead Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993-08-03 with Technology & Engineering categories.
A comprehensive guide to avoiding hydrogen cracking which serves as an essential problem-solver for anyone involved in the welding of ferritic steels. The authors provide a lucid and thorough explanation of the theoretical background to the subject but the main emphasis throughout is firmly on practice.
Japanese Technical Abstracts
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1988
Japanese Technical Abstracts written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1988 with Engineering categories.
Professional Diver S Manual On Wet Welding
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Author : D Keats
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 1990-10-31
Professional Diver S Manual On Wet Welding written by D Keats and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990-10-31 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Versatility, speed and low cost make wet-stick welding an attractive method for use in underwater repair and construction. This training manual and reference book contains step-by-step procedures for performing basic manual metal arc welding operations together with information on welding equipment, consumables and safety. Exercises are included.
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Author : International Institute of Welding
language : en
Publisher: Pergamon
Release Date : 1989
written by International Institute of Welding and has been published by Pergamon this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with Technology & Engineering categories.
The offshore exploitation of oil and gas resources was one of the first industrial applications of welding carried out in unusual environments. Considerable research and development has since occurred on improving equipment design and energy sources as well as resolving more fundamental problems of electric arc behaviour under hyperbaric or wet conditions. The papers in this work discuss and extend the results of that research to the use of welding in other extreme environments--for example, the maintenance of certain structures in nuclear plants where a direct human presence is often impossible. There are also papers discussing the use of electron beam welding in space for the in-situ servicing of spacecraft structures and the influence of vacuum conditions on the welding process itself.
Welding Research Abroad
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1992
Welding Research Abroad written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with Welding categories.