The Effects Of Age Apolipoprotein E Genotype On Learning Memory And Metamemory For Odors
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The Effects Of Age Apolipoprotein E Genotype On Learning Memory And Metamemory For Odors
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
The Effects Of Age Apolipoprotein E Genotype On Learning Memory And Metamemory For Odors written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Dissertations, Academic categories.
Episodic memory (EM) is well known to decline with age, and is especially affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Notably, however, EM declines are heterogeneous even among individuals with AD, and research indicates that there are a number of important risk and protective factors influencing the patterns and trajectories of these declines. One factor shown to influence aging EM is metamemory, which plays an essential role in the strategies used for encoding and retrieval of information, and the control of memory output. In general, better metamemory is associated with better memory performance, with most studies showing age-related metamemory declines that are worse in AD. However, studies also show that metamemory can be improved, even in those with more advanced AD. The main aim of the current study was to examine the relationships between EM, metamemory, and aging by comparing performance of healthy older and younger adults during an EM learning and recognition task. Measures of metamemory included the Memory Functioning Questionnaire (MFQ), as well as analysis of retrospective confidence judgments and mnemonic strategy use during the EM task. A known risk factor for AD as well as age-related EM declines is possession of an e4- allele of the apolipoprotein-E (ApoE) gene. Importantly, research has shown that carriers of the e4-allele display EM declines beyond those of normal aging, even when AD does not manifest. A second aim of the current study was to examine the effects of apoE genotype on the relationship between aging EM and metamemory. Studies have shown olfactory measures to be useful as early indicators of declines related to AD and apoE. Thus, the current study used an EM odor-learning and memory task, the California Odor Learning Test (COLT), to compare the effects of age, apoE genotype, and metamemory on EM task performance. Ability to detect odors was assessed and controlled for. Participants included 16 older adults (8 ApoE-e4 positive, 8 ApoE-e4 negative), and 25 younger adults (6 ApoE-e4 positive, and 13 ApoE-e4 negative). Age and ApoE groups did not significantly differ on any demographic variables. Results indicated that younger adults performed significantly better than older adults on all measures of recall consistency and recognition memory, as well as on all measures of metamemory abilities with the exception of self-reported use of mnemonics. Significant interaction effects between age and apoE genotype on short and long delay cued recall were found. As predicted, significant positive correlations were found among the recognition and recall measures of the COLT, among the task-based metamemory measures, as well as among the MFQ scales. These findings support the positive relationship between memory performance and metamemory abilities among both healthy older and younger adults, and further this idea to include the positive relationship of online mnemonic strategy use to both memory performance and metamemory abilities. For older adults, better metamemory has been associated with higher quality of life, while poor metamemory can produce serious dayto- day consequences for the individual and those they interact with, negatively affecting judgment and decision-making abilities. Thus, research on aging metamemory remains particularly important, and may help explain the heterogeneity seen in aging EM.
The Effects Of Stress And Apolipoprotein Lower Case Epsilon 4 On Odor Memory And Learning In Young And Older Adults
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Author : Emily Suzanne Bower
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
The Effects Of Stress And Apolipoprotein Lower Case Epsilon 4 On Odor Memory And Learning In Young And Older Adults written by Emily Suzanne Bower and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive and fatal brain disorder that is characterized by memory loss, behavioral change, and cognitive impairments resulting from neuronal degeneration. Declines in olfactory function occur early in the course of the disease and are evident before other cognitive impairments. Advancing age and possession of the [lower case epsilon]4 isoform of the apolipoprotein E Gene (apoE) are risk factors for both AD and olfactory function impairment, yet it is likely that both environmental and genetic factors contribute to AD pathology. Stress is an environmental factor that impacts the aging process through physiological and psychological processes. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are hormones that are released during stress, and have been implicated as potentially important in the development of AD. Recent studies demonstrated an interactive impact of stress and apoE [lower case epsilon]4 on cognitive impairment, but to date, no one has reported on the potential impact of stress and apoE [lower case epsilon]4 on olfactory function. Elucidating the mechanisms of action that lead to impaired olfaction for those at risk for AD may help inform techniques for prevention and early detection of the disease. The current study examined the effect of stress and the apoE [lower case epsilon]4 allele on olfactory learning and memory in 32 young and 32 older adults. Stress was operationally defined using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ; subjective stress) and Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR; physiological stress). It was hypothesized that there would be (1) a main effect of stress on odor memory and learning, (2) an apoE by stress interaction such that individuals with at least one apoE [lower case epsilon]4 allele would have a greater decline in olfactory scores as stress scores increased than individuals with no apoE [lower case epsilon]4 allele, and (3) an age effect such that the stress and apoE interaction would be evident in older but not younger adults. Subjective stress improved performance on immediate recall across trials, short and long delay free recall, and odor identification. When participants were given cues after a delay, [lower case epsilon]4- older and younger adults improved odor recall as PSWQ scores increased, while [lower case epsilon]4+ younger adults did not improve, and older [lower case epsilon]4+ adults recalled less as PSWQ scores increased. Use of serial clustering was affected by CAR in those individuals who were CAR responders such that increasing CAR appeared to be associated with increasing use of serial clustering for [lower case epsilon]4- individuals, and with decreasing use for [lower case epsilon]4+ adults. Recognition scores were not significantly affected by either stress measure. Taken together, these findings suggest that stress may affect olfactory memory differentially depending on apoE [lower case epsilon]4 status. Some support was found to suggest that CAR may be associated with use of certain learning techniques for CAR responders, and further studies are needed to confirm these findings in larger samples.
Sleep And Cognition
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Author : Richard R. Bootzin
language : en
Publisher: Amer Psychological Assn
Release Date : 1990-01-01
Sleep And Cognition written by Richard R. Bootzin and has been published by Amer Psychological Assn this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990-01-01 with Psychology categories.
Despite impressive advances in understanding sleep as a biological phenomenon and in understanding the nature of mental processes in the normal waking state, our knowledge of mental life during sleep remains extremely impoverished. The common identification of cognition with consciousness leaves the impression that little or no mental activity occurs during sleep. The present volume represents the Proceedings of the Arizona Conference on Sleep and Cognition, held in Tucson January 19-22, 1989. A principal concern of the conference was the implications of recent work on implicit memory and other aspects of information-processing outside of awareness for studies of cognitive processes during sleep, and the role of the sleep laboratory as a vehicle for studying various aspects of information processing outside of awareness, in the absence of the active deployment of attention. To this end, selected investigators in the area of sleep who have an interest in cognitive processes were brought together with their counterparts in the area of cognition who have an interest in sleep. We hope that one outcome of this meeting, and publication of the Proceedings, will be a new agenda for research on sleep that will carry investigators of both camps well into the 21st century.
Cognitive Aging
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Author : Denise Park
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Cognitive Aging written by Denise Park and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Psychology categories.
As our society ages, the topic of cognitive aging is becoming increasingly important. This volume provides an accessible overview of how the cognitive system changes as a function of normal aging. Building on the successful first edition, this volume provide an even more comprehensive coverage of the major issues affecting memory, attention, language, speech and other aspects of cognitive functioning. The essential chapters from the first edition have been thoroughly revised and updated and new chapters have been introduced which draw in neuroscience studies and more applied topics. In addition, contributors were encouraged to ensure their chapters are accessible to students studying the topic for the first time. This therefore makes the volume appealing as a textbook on senior undergraduate and graduate courses.
Behavioral Neurobiology Of Aging
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Author : Marie-Christine Pardon
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-04-15
Behavioral Neurobiology Of Aging written by Marie-Christine Pardon and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-04-15 with Medical categories.
This volume discusses the current state of research findings related to healthy brain aging by integrating human clinical studies and translational research in animal models. Several chapters offer a unique overview of successful aging, age-related cognitive decline and its associated structural and functional brain changes, as well as how these changes are influenced by reproductive aging. Insights provided by preclinical studies in mouse models and advanced neuroimaging techniques in humans are also presented.
Well Being
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Author : Marc H. Bornstein
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2003-02-26
Well Being written by Marc H. Bornstein and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-02-26 with Psychology categories.
This volume derived from original presentations given at a conference in Atlanta, Georgia, under the auspices of the Center for Child Well-Being. Scholars, practitioners, public health professionals, and principals in the child development community convened to address a science-based framework for elements of well-being and how the elements might be developed across the life course. Integrating physical, cognitive, and social-emotional domains, Well-Being is the first scientific book to consider well-being holistically. Focusing on a set of core strengths grouped within these three domains, the book also includes a fourth section on developmental strengths through adulthood that broadly examines a continuum of health and development, as well as transitions in well-being. This volume takes a developmental perspective across the life course, describing foundational strengths for well-being--the capacities that can be actively developed, supported, or learned. These foundational strengths--problem solving, emotional regulation, and physical safety--are the positive underpinnings of early child health and development, as well as ongoing well-being across the life course. Working together and blending their respective disciplinary perspectives and expertise, 53 experts in psychology, sociology, child development, and medicine have contributed to the book.
Neuropsychological Assessment Of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
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Author : Igor Grant
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 1996
Neuropsychological Assessment Of Neuropsychiatric Disorders written by Igor Grant and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Central nervous system categories.
A 1996 survey of the members of the American Board of Professional Psychology Diplomates, published by The Clinical Neuropsychologist journal, selected the first edition of this book as one of the "Essential Books and Journals in North American Clinical Neuropsychology"--a list which included only 10 other titles! The Second Edition has improved further on this high standard. While the authors have retained the same general structure--with the addition of a set of three chapters on psychosocial outcomes--virtually the entire book has been rewritten and thoroughly updated to reflect recent developments in this area of knowledge. Part I features new chapters on the Iowa-Benton approach, on cognitive screening methods, and on computers and memory. Part II has been expanded with new chapters on Tourette's syndrome, acute and chronic hypoxemia, HIV infection, schizophrenia, Huntington's disease, and an expanded chapter on Parkinson's disease. Part III is entirely new, and it focuses on life quality outcome in head injury and pulmonary disease. Considerably enlarged in size, this book will remain the basic reference on the neuropsychological aspects of diseases affecting brain and behavior.
Cognitive Development In Adulthood
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Author : Mark L. Howe
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Cognitive Development In Adulthood written by Mark L. Howe and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Psychology categories.
For some time now, the study of cognitive development has been far and away the most active discipline within developmental psychology. Although there would be much disagreement as to the exact proportion of papers published in developmental journals that could be considered cognitive, 50% seems like a conservative estimate. Hence, a series of scholarly books devoted to work in cognitive development is especially appropriate at this time. The Springer Series in Cognitive Developmemt contains two basic types of books, namely, edited collections of original chapters by several authors, and original volumes written by one author or a small group of authors. The flagship for the Springer Series is a serial publication of the "advances" type, carrying the subtitle Progress in Cognitive Development Research. Each volume in the Progress sequence is strongly thematic, in that it is limited to some well defined domain of cognitive-developmental research (e. g. , logical and math ematical development, development of learning). All Progress volumes will be edited collections. Editors of such collections, upon consultation with the Series Editor, may elect to have their books published either as contributions to the Progress sequence or as separate volumes. All books written by one author or a small group of authors are being published as separate volumes within the series. A fairly broad definition of cognitive development is being used in the selection of books for this series.
Life Span Human Development
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Author : Carol K. Sigelman
language : en
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing Company
Release Date : 2008-01-01
Life Span Human Development written by Carol K. Sigelman and has been published by Wadsworth Publishing Company this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-01-01 with Developmental psychology categories.
By combining the best of topical and chronological approaches, this text presents life-span development as a motion picture rather than as a series of individual snapshots.
Assessing Adolescent And Adult Intelligence
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Author : Alan S. Kaufman
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2005-08-05
Assessing Adolescent And Adult Intelligence written by Alan S. Kaufman and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-08-05 with Psychology categories.
The classic text--now updated with a new interpretive approach tothe WAIS?-III Assessing Adolescent and Adult Intelligence, the classic text fromAlan Kaufman and Elizabeth Lichtenberger, has consistently providedthe most comprehensive source of information on cognitiveassessment of adults and adolescents. The newly updated ThirdEdition provides important enhancements and additions thathighlight the latest research and interpretive methods for theWAIS?-III. Augmenting the traditional "sequential" and "simultaneous"WAIS?-III interpretive methods, the authors present a new approachderived from Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory. This approachcombines normative assessment (performance relative to age peers)with ipsative assessment (performance relative to the person's ownmean level). Following Flanagan and Kaufman's work to develop asimilar CHC approach for the WISC?-IV, Kaufman and Lichtenbergerhave applied this system to the WAIS?-III profile of scores alongwith integrating recent WAIS?-III literature. Four appendices present the new method in depth. In addition to adetailed description, the authors provide a blank interpretiveworksheet to help examiners make the calculations and decisionsneeded for applying the additional steps of the new system, andnorms tables for the new WAIS?-III subtest combinations added inthis approach. Assessing Adolescent and Adult Intelligence remains the premierresource for the field, covering not only the WAIS?-III but alsothe WJ III?, the KAIT, and several brief measures of intelligence,as well as laying out a relevant, up-to-date discussion of thediscipline. The new, theory-based interpretive approach for theWAIS?-III makes this a vital resource for practicing psychologists,as well as a comprehensive text for graduate students.