The Effects Of Stress And Apolipoprotein Lower Case Epsilon 4 On Odor Memory And Learning In Young And Older Adults
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The Effects Of Stress And Apolipoprotein Lower Case Epsilon 4 On Odor Memory And Learning In Young And Older Adults
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Author : Emily Suzanne Bower
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
The Effects Of Stress And Apolipoprotein Lower Case Epsilon 4 On Odor Memory And Learning In Young And Older Adults written by Emily Suzanne Bower and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive and fatal brain disorder that is characterized by memory loss, behavioral change, and cognitive impairments resulting from neuronal degeneration. Declines in olfactory function occur early in the course of the disease and are evident before other cognitive impairments. Advancing age and possession of the [lower case epsilon]4 isoform of the apolipoprotein E Gene (apoE) are risk factors for both AD and olfactory function impairment, yet it is likely that both environmental and genetic factors contribute to AD pathology. Stress is an environmental factor that impacts the aging process through physiological and psychological processes. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are hormones that are released during stress, and have been implicated as potentially important in the development of AD. Recent studies demonstrated an interactive impact of stress and apoE [lower case epsilon]4 on cognitive impairment, but to date, no one has reported on the potential impact of stress and apoE [lower case epsilon]4 on olfactory function. Elucidating the mechanisms of action that lead to impaired olfaction for those at risk for AD may help inform techniques for prevention and early detection of the disease. The current study examined the effect of stress and the apoE [lower case epsilon]4 allele on olfactory learning and memory in 32 young and 32 older adults. Stress was operationally defined using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ; subjective stress) and Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR; physiological stress). It was hypothesized that there would be (1) a main effect of stress on odor memory and learning, (2) an apoE by stress interaction such that individuals with at least one apoE [lower case epsilon]4 allele would have a greater decline in olfactory scores as stress scores increased than individuals with no apoE [lower case epsilon]4 allele, and (3) an age effect such that the stress and apoE interaction would be evident in older but not younger adults. Subjective stress improved performance on immediate recall across trials, short and long delay free recall, and odor identification. When participants were given cues after a delay, [lower case epsilon]4- older and younger adults improved odor recall as PSWQ scores increased, while [lower case epsilon]4+ younger adults did not improve, and older [lower case epsilon]4+ adults recalled less as PSWQ scores increased. Use of serial clustering was affected by CAR in those individuals who were CAR responders such that increasing CAR appeared to be associated with increasing use of serial clustering for [lower case epsilon]4- individuals, and with decreasing use for [lower case epsilon]4+ adults. Recognition scores were not significantly affected by either stress measure. Taken together, these findings suggest that stress may affect olfactory memory differentially depending on apoE [lower case epsilon]4 status. Some support was found to suggest that CAR may be associated with use of certain learning techniques for CAR responders, and further studies are needed to confirm these findings in larger samples.
The Effects Of Aging And The Apolipoprotein Allele Lower Case Epsilon 4 On Olfactory Episodic Memory And Verbal Episodic Memory
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Author : Andrea Lynn Repp
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
The Effects Of Aging And The Apolipoprotein Allele Lower Case Epsilon 4 On Olfactory Episodic Memory And Verbal Episodic Memory written by Andrea Lynn Repp and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.
The Effects Of Aging And The Apolipoprotein E Lower Case Epsilon 4 Allele On Temporal Order Memory For Sequences
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Author : Jerlyn Condalor Tolentino
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
The Effects Of Aging And The Apolipoprotein E Lower Case Epsilon 4 Allele On Temporal Order Memory For Sequences written by Jerlyn Condalor Tolentino and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.
The Effects Of Age Apolipoprotein E Genotype On Learning Memory And Metamemory For Odors
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
The Effects Of Age Apolipoprotein E Genotype On Learning Memory And Metamemory For Odors written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Dissertations, Academic categories.
Episodic memory (EM) is well known to decline with age, and is especially affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Notably, however, EM declines are heterogeneous even among individuals with AD, and research indicates that there are a number of important risk and protective factors influencing the patterns and trajectories of these declines. One factor shown to influence aging EM is metamemory, which plays an essential role in the strategies used for encoding and retrieval of information, and the control of memory output. In general, better metamemory is associated with better memory performance, with most studies showing age-related metamemory declines that are worse in AD. However, studies also show that metamemory can be improved, even in those with more advanced AD. The main aim of the current study was to examine the relationships between EM, metamemory, and aging by comparing performance of healthy older and younger adults during an EM learning and recognition task. Measures of metamemory included the Memory Functioning Questionnaire (MFQ), as well as analysis of retrospective confidence judgments and mnemonic strategy use during the EM task. A known risk factor for AD as well as age-related EM declines is possession of an e4- allele of the apolipoprotein-E (ApoE) gene. Importantly, research has shown that carriers of the e4-allele display EM declines beyond those of normal aging, even when AD does not manifest. A second aim of the current study was to examine the effects of apoE genotype on the relationship between aging EM and metamemory. Studies have shown olfactory measures to be useful as early indicators of declines related to AD and apoE. Thus, the current study used an EM odor-learning and memory task, the California Odor Learning Test (COLT), to compare the effects of age, apoE genotype, and metamemory on EM task performance. Ability to detect odors was assessed and controlled for. Participants included 16 older adults (8 ApoE-e4 positive, 8 ApoE-e4 negative), and 25 younger adults (6 ApoE-e4 positive, and 13 ApoE-e4 negative). Age and ApoE groups did not significantly differ on any demographic variables. Results indicated that younger adults performed significantly better than older adults on all measures of recall consistency and recognition memory, as well as on all measures of metamemory abilities with the exception of self-reported use of mnemonics. Significant interaction effects between age and apoE genotype on short and long delay cued recall were found. As predicted, significant positive correlations were found among the recognition and recall measures of the COLT, among the task-based metamemory measures, as well as among the MFQ scales. These findings support the positive relationship between memory performance and metamemory abilities among both healthy older and younger adults, and further this idea to include the positive relationship of online mnemonic strategy use to both memory performance and metamemory abilities. For older adults, better metamemory has been associated with higher quality of life, while poor metamemory can produce serious dayto- day consequences for the individual and those they interact with, negatively affecting judgment and decision-making abilities. Thus, research on aging metamemory remains particularly important, and may help explain the heterogeneity seen in aging EM.
Changes In Olfactory Event Related Potentials And Behavioral Measures Associated With The Apolipoprotein Lower Case Epsilon 4 Allele
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Author : Krystin M. Corby
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Changes In Olfactory Event Related Potentials And Behavioral Measures Associated With The Apolipoprotein Lower Case Epsilon 4 Allele written by Krystin M. Corby and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
The sense of olfaction declines with age and negatively impacts the lives of individuals. This decline can be seen in measurements of threshold, identification, and memory. Olfactory deficits beyond that of normal aging are present in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The earliest stages of neurodegeneration occur in olfactory processing areas of the brain. The Apolipoprotein (ApoE) [lower case epsilon]4 allele is a genetic risk factor for AD, and is associated with olfactory deficits. Presence of the allele is also associated with a more profound decrease in olfaction with age. This study examined differences in activation of olfactory and visual brain areas, reflected in event-related potential (ERPs) latencies and amplitudes, based on age group and ApoE [lower case epsilon]4 status. This measure was also compared to traditional olfactory behavioral tests. Latencies and amplitudes were compared across the N1, P2, N2, and P3 peaks to explore which peaks are most effective at differentiating among groups. Significant differences were found in olfactory ERPs based on age, ApoE [lower case epsilon]4 status, and their interaction. Visual ERPs were only significantly different by age. P3 was found to be the most effective peak to differentiate between ApoE[lower case epsilon]4 positives and negatives for the young and middle age groups, whereas N1 was the most effective peak for the older age group. Overall, the results suggest that olfactory ERPs may be able to detect more subtle differences due to aging and AD risk than traditional behavioral tests.
Index Medicus
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002-07
Index Medicus written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-07 with Medicine categories.
Vols. for 1963- include as pt. 2 of the Jan. issue: Medical subject headings.
Cumulated Index Medicus
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
Cumulated Index Medicus written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Medicine categories.
Dementias
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Author : S. Govoni
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Dementias written by S. Govoni and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Medical categories.
To a certain extent the dementias have been forgotten diseases until just recen tly when they were brought to the attention of the general public and health authorities as a result of the increasing number of cases in the aging popula tion, especially among famous people, and because of the efforts of private foundations. The goals of the present volume are to present the dementias to health prac titioners, to provide some basic information on their epidemiology and biolo gical basis and to discuss the diagnostic and clinical problems that physicians and institutions face when caring for demented patients. This book explores the various types of dementias and is not limited to Alzheimer's disease although, as expected, more information is available and presented on this pathology. On the other hand, a few fundamental questions on dementia can only be answe red through a comparison of the various forms. Examples of such questions are the following: Is the loss of cerebral tissue sufficient to cause dementia? Are there thresholds or is there a continuous progression toward the irreversible development of dementia? Are there common pathways in the dementing pro cess? Are there common risk factors? Comparative analysis allows the common and distinctive patterns of the various dementias to be defined, ultimately lea ding to more focused therapeutic interventions.
Neuroimaging Of Sleep And Sleep Disorders
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Author : Eric Nofzinger
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2013-03-07
Neuroimaging Of Sleep And Sleep Disorders written by Eric Nofzinger and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-07 with Medical categories.
An up-to-date, superbly illustrated practical guide to the effective use of neuroimaging in the patient with sleep disorders. The only book to date to provide comprehensive coverage of this topic. A must for all healthcare workers interested in understanding the causes, consequences and treatment of sleep disorders.
Translational Research In Traumatic Brain Injury
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Author : Daniel Laskowitz
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2015-12-01
Translational Research In Traumatic Brain Injury written by Daniel Laskowitz and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-12-01 with Medical categories.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant source of death and permanent disability, contributing to nearly one-third of all injury related deaths in the United States and exacting a profound personal and economic toll. Despite the increased resources that have recently been brought to bear to improve our understanding of TBI, the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches has been disappointingly slow. Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury attempts to integrate expertise from across specialties to address knowledge gaps in the field of TBI. Its chapters cover a wide scope of TBI research in five broad areas: Epidemiology Pathophysiology Diagnosis Current treatment strategies and sequelae Future therapies Specific topics discussed include the societal impact of TBI in both the civilian and military populations, neurobiology and molecular mechanisms of axonal and neuronal injury, biomarkers of traumatic brain injury and their relationship to pathology, neuroplasticity after TBI, neuroprotective and neurorestorative therapy, advanced neuroimaging of mild TBI, neurocognitive and psychiatric symptoms following mild TBI, sports-related TBI, epilepsy and PTSD following TBI, and more. The book integrates the perspectives of experts across disciplines to assist in the translation of new ideas to clinical practice and ultimately to improve the care of the brain injured patient.