The Gnrh Neuron And Its Control
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The Gnrh Neuron And Its Control
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Author : Allan E. Herbison
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2018-04-30
The Gnrh Neuron And Its Control written by Allan E. Herbison and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-04-30 with Science categories.
The GnRH Neuron and its Control examines the developmental biology of GnRH neurons including their birth in the nasal placode of the early embryo, perinatal programming, and sexual differentiation, in addition to the hypothalamic mechanisms that control GnRH neurons in adulthood to generate pulsatile and surge modes of GnRH secretion throughout the major life stages including aging. The morphology, electrophysiology, signal transduction pathways, transcriptional regulators, and genomics underlying function of the adult GnRH neuron is discussed in detail, as is the neuroendocrinology and cell biology governing the generation of both modes of GnRH release. The book also reviews the neurobiological mechanisms and circuitry responsible for the modulation of the activity of GnRH neurons by season, stress, nutrition, and metabolism, and covers the current and potential therapeutic approaches to regulating GnRH secretion and action. Filled with newly identified research and classical fundamental knowledge to GnRH biology, it will provide students, researchers, and practitioners with an in-depth understanding of reproductive neuroendocrinology. This is the fifth volume in the Masterclass in Neuroendocrinology Series, a co- publication between Wiley and the INF (International Neuroendocrine Federation) that aims to illustrate highest standards and encourage the use of the latest technologies in basic and clinical research and hopes to provide inspiration for further exploration into the exciting field of neuroendocrinology.
A Spatiotemporal Modeling Study Of A Gnrh Neuron
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Author : Xingjiang Jason Chen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
A Spatiotemporal Modeling Study Of A Gnrh Neuron written by Xingjiang Jason Chen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Intracellular calcium categories.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are hypothalamic neurons that control the pulsatile release of GnRH, which in turn governs fertility and reproduction in mammals. Although the mechanisms underlying the pulsatile release of GnRH are not well understood, it has been suggested that the bursting behavior of electrical activity and calcium (Ca2+) dynamics in GnRH neurons could play important roles in GnRH secretion. Previous studies have shown that some of the mechanisms for controlling electrical bursting are located in the soma of the GnRH neuron. Furthermore, GnRH neuron projections have the properties of both dendrites (which receive synaptic inputs from other neurons) and axons (which are the site of action potential initiation and propagate action potentials to the synaptic terminal). These observations raise two important questions: How can electrical bursting be controlled when it is initiated at a site located some distance (often more than 100 mm) from the controlling mechanisms? More specifically, how do the soma and the site of action potential initiation interact to control the electrical bursting? How does stochastic synaptic input along the dendrite affect the initiation and propagation of action potentials? We constructed a spatiotemporal mathematical model of a GnRH neuron that includes both the soma and the dendrite. The most important new parameter introduced in this model, the electrical diffusion coefficient, was determined by fitting to experimental data. The model shows that a large diffusion coefficient provides a mechanism for regulating bursting behavior through interactions of the soma and the site of action potential initiation. In order to study the function of synaptic input along the dendrite, we extended our spatiotemporal model by adding stochastic synaptic input. We demonstrated that synaptic input along the dendrite is not a likely mechanism for controlling action potential propagation in the dendrite or GnRH secretion. We thus investigated other possible ways in which extrinsic input could modify Ca2+ release at the synaptic terminal, focusing in particular on the possible role of kisspeptin. We concluded that the inherent synergies in the various actions of kisspeptin make it a likely candidate for the precise control of Ca2+ transients at the synaptic terminal, and hence a possible candidate for the control of long-period GnRH secretion.
Gnrh The Master Molecule Of Reproduction
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Author : Andrea C. Gore
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-09
Gnrh The Master Molecule Of Reproduction written by Andrea C. Gore and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-09 with Medical categories.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cells are the key regulators of reproductive function in all vertebrate organisms. The GnRH molecule is synthesized in a small number of neurons in rostral hypothalamic regions of the brain. In mammals, these neurons release the GnRH decapeptide into the portal capillary system leading to the anterior pituitary gland. There, GnRH causes the release of the gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which in turn act upon the gonads to stimulate their maturation, and to cause synthesis of sex steroid hormones, estrogen, progesterone and testosterone. Although each of the levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is critical for reproductive function, GnRH neurons play the primary role in the control of reproductive maturation and adult reproductive function, and may even play a role in reproductive senescence. Since its discovery in 1970, there has been intense interest in GnRH-producing neurons, with more than 8000 papers and chapters in the last decade alone. Despite this activity of research in basic and clinical science, there has never been a book written specifically on GnRH neurons. GnRH: The Master Molecule of Reproduction aims to bring together the large and diverse literature of both laboratory and applied research that focuses on these unique cells. This book will provide basic background into reproductive neuroendocrinology, as well as specifics regarding the role of GnRH neurons in the control of reproduction. Students studying endocrinology, reproduction, neuroendocrinology or molecular endocrinology will benefit from this book. In addition, this book will take a multi-species approach which will be useful both to basic researchers as well as clinicians. Whenever possible, species differences and similarities will be presented, and if possible, studies on humans, or the clinical relevance of basic research findings to humans will be discussed (such as the treatment of reproductive disorders such as abnormalities in pubertal development, or infertility).
Endocrinology Of The Testis And Male Reproduction
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Author : Manuela Simoni
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-09-18
Endocrinology Of The Testis And Male Reproduction written by Manuela Simoni and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-09-18 with Medical categories.
This book provides a comprehensive overview of endocrinology of the male reproductive system, explaining how it works and how, sometimes, it fails to work. World-class specialists present state of the art knowledge on all aspects, including anatomy, physiology, molecular biology, genetics, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations of testicular diseases, endocrine aspects of andrological and sexual diseases, and therapy. Extensive consideration is given to sexual development, testicular function, the clinical approach to disorders of male reproduction, male hypogonadism, sexual dysfunction, and male infertility. In addition, sociodemographic, psychological, and ethical aspects of male reproductive disorders are discussed. The book is intended as a major reference for endocrinologists, andrologists, and sexologists, as well as basic and clinical scientists. It is published as part of the SpringerReference program, which delivers access to living editions constantly updated through a dynamic peer-review publishing process.
Mathematical Modelling Of Adult Gnrh Neurons In The Mouse Brain And Its Bifurcation Analysis
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Author : Wen Duan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Mathematical Modelling Of Adult Gnrh Neurons In The Mouse Brain And Its Bifurcation Analysis written by Wen Duan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone categories.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are cells in the hypothalamus that produce GnRH, one of the major hormones that controls fertility and reproduction. However, despite their importance, little is known about the mechanisms by which GnRH is produced. GnRH neurons exhibit complicated membrane potential dynamics, in the form of electrical bursting, and this bursting is closely coupled to the dynamics of intracellular calcium (Ca2) in ways that are not yet well understood. A mathematical model has been constructed to help understand the mechanisms underlying the observed behaviours of GnRH neurons, and how electrical bursting synchronizes with transients in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt). Simulations show that the model is consistent with all of the most important experimental data in- volving TTX (tetrodotoxin), zero extracellular-[Ca2+] ([Ca2+]e) solution, apamin, CPA (cyclopiazonic acid) and 2-APB (2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate). The mathematical model predicted the existence of particular [Ca2+]cyt-activated potassium (K+) channels (sIAHP-UCL), which were then confirmed experimentally. In contrast to the apamin- sensitive [Ca2+]cyt-activated K+ channels (sIAHP-SK), which control both the structure of firing within bursts and the interburst intervals, sIAHP-UCL solely determines the interburst dynamics. Furthermore, we show how a fast-slow bifurcation analysis of the model can be used to understand the behaviour of the cells under a wide range of experimental conditions. The high complexity of the initial GnRH neuron model prompted us to develop a much simpler bursting model based on the FitzHugh-Nagumo (FHN) model. This simplified bursting model exhibits the similar qualitative behaviour as our initial GnRH neuron model. The use of bifurcation analysis with the FHN model simplifies the simulation of bursting, and the results of this analysis are also briefly explained.
The Hypothalamus
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Author : Seymour Reichlin
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1978
The Hypothalamus written by Seymour Reichlin and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1978 with Science categories.
The Roles Of Homeodomain Proteins Six3 And Six6 In Gnrh Neuron Migration Maturation And Development
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Author : Erica Christine Pandolfi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
The Roles Of Homeodomain Proteins Six3 And Six6 In Gnrh Neuron Migration Maturation And Development written by Erica Christine Pandolfi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a primary and essential regulator of vertebrate reproduction. When GnRH neurons are compromised, GnRH expression is attenuated, producing the condition Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (IHH). IHH is characterized by infertility and/or delayed or absent puberty. When this condition is accompanied by anosmia, it is termed Kallmann syndrome. Although it is clearly a crucial factor in the reproduction of mammalian species, little is known about the genetic regulators of GnRH neuronal ontogeny. In the work presented herein, we elucidate developmental and genetic mechanisms that control the migration and maturation of GnRH neurons, and therefore illuminate the novel mechanisms responsible for IHH. Furthermore, we have identified new genes influencing the relationship between nasal development and GnRH neuron migration--further elucidating the etiology of Kallmann syndrome. The two genes that are explored in the work presented here are the closely related homeodomain transcription factors, sine oculis-related homeobox 3 (Six3) and Six6. First, we present data demonstrating that Six3 regulates GnRH neuron migration through actions external to the GnRH neuron. Six3 heterozygous mice displayed disrupted migration of GnRH neurons and severe olfactory impairment. Interestingly when the role of Six3 specifically within the GnRH neuron was investigated using a GnRH specific cre-recombinase, we found that Six3 acts within the neuron to upregulate GnRH neuron number. In addition, we investigated the actions of the closely related gene Six6. Six6 was found to be essential for survival of GnRH neurons and maintenance of fertility in a Six6 knock-out mouse. Six6 was found to play a similar role within the GnRH neuron in enabling fertility; however, within the GnRH neuron, Six6 acts to regulate GnRH expression. These investigations have enabled us to garner knowledge concerning the novel regulatory mechanisms of this fascinating hormone; and, has allowed us to shed light on the causes of infertility plaguing ~7% of all couples.
Kisspeptin Signaling In Reproductive Biology
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Author : Alexander S. Kauffman
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-04-02
Kisspeptin Signaling In Reproductive Biology written by Alexander S. Kauffman and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-02 with Medical categories.
Kisspeptin has been shown to be both necessary and sufficient for activation of the reproductive axis, during puberty and later in adulthood. This makes kisspeptin a fundamental component of the reproductive axis. Kisspeptin has been deemed the single most potent stimulator of GnRH neurons yet known. The importance of kisspeptin has been documented in humans as well as non-human animal models, ranging from monkeys, sheep, and rodents to numerous fish species, thus signifying a highly conserved nature of its reproductive function. Importantly, kisspeptin neurons seem to mediate many of the regulatory effects of other signals, whether they are metabolic, circadian, hormonal, or stress. This places kisspeptin neurons in a unique position to be key nodal points and conduits for conveying numerous endogenous and exogenous signals to the reproductive axis.
Neuroendocrinology In Physiology And Medicine
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Author : P. Michael Conn
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 1999-10-06
Neuroendocrinology In Physiology And Medicine written by P. Michael Conn and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-10-06 with Medical categories.
A panel of leading experts integrate the latest findings from basic and clinical science to create a comprehensive treatment of the processes by which the brain acts as an endocrine organ, not only to control hormonal functions, but also to maintain homeostasis and regulate behavior. The authors-recognized both as leaders in their fields and as skilled teachers-provide systematic coverage of the analytical, anatomical, functional, clinical, and pathological aspects of neuroendocrinology. Topics range from the interactions between the nervous and endocrine systems to the regulation of reproduction, development, metabolism, fluid balance, and biological rhythms. Neuroendocrinology in Physiology and Medicine offers an unprecedented marriage of clinical and basic knowledge that has been missing from classical neuroscience, endocrinology, and physiology texts. It will teach today's medical students and serve researchers as a valuable reference to this rapidly growing field.
Human Embryonic Stem Cells
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Author : Jon Odorico
language : en
Publisher: Garland Science
Release Date : 2004-02-01
Human Embryonic Stem Cells written by Jon Odorico and has been published by Garland Science this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-02-01 with Science categories.
Since the first successful isolation and cultivation of human embryonic stem cells at the University of Wisconsin, Madison in 1998, there has been high levels of both interest and controversy in this area of research. This book provides a concise overview of an exciting field, covering the characteristics of both human embryonic stem cells and pluripotent stem cells from other human cell lineages. The following chapters describe state-of-the-art differentiation and characterization of specific ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm-derived lineages from human embryonic stem cells, emphasizing how these can be used to study human developmental mechanisms. A further chapter discusses genetic manipulation of human ES cells. The concluding section covers therapeutic applications of human ES cells, as well as addressing the ethical and legal issues that this research have raised.