The Grandeur Of Gandhara
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The Grandeur Of Gandhara
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Author : Rafi U. Samad
language : en
Publisher: Algora Publishing
Release Date : 2011
The Grandeur Of Gandhara written by Rafi U. Samad and has been published by Algora Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with History categories.
The northwestern regions of Pakistan and southeastern regions of Afghanistan were once the heart of a highly developed civilization whose cultural impact was felt from China to Persia. A major center of Buddhism, its cultural attainments were highlights of ancient civilization. The author's research, accompanied by some 60 illustrations, offers Americans an entirely new understanding of the desolate region shown on the nightly news. The Persian, Greek and Central Asian invasions of Gandhara, rather than causing wide scale destruction in the region, promoted the development of a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic society. After a gestation period of about half a millennium, this region blossomed into a unique civilization in the opening years of the Common Era. Detailed archaeological excavations were started at sites in northern Pakistan and Afghanistan in the late-19th century. Through these excavations, eminent archaeologists such as Aurel Stein, Alexander Cunningham, John Marshall, J. Barthoux and Professor A.H. Dani recovered hundreds of thousands of beautiful stone sculptures belonging to the Gandhara Civilization. In the last century or so, much has been written about the artistic quality of these beautiful stone sculptures. But hardly anything has been written about the Civilization itself that gave birth to these extraordinary pieces of art. In this book an effort has been made to present Gandhara in its wider perspective, highlighting the different features of a unique civilization in which many different races contributed and many cultures merged to bring about a major sociological change and establish a distinct cultural identity in this region of the South Asian sub-continent. This book is based on the author's analysis of archaeologists' reports, information gathered through extended visits to numerous archaeological sites associated with the lost Gandhara Civilization including those in the Taxila, Peshawar, Charsadda, Mardan and Swat regions in Pakistan, and study in museums. His research reveals a great deal of continuity in the field of socio-cultural development of the region, which is referred to in this book as Greater Gandhara, from the time it became a part of the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BCE till the end of Kidara Kushan's rule in the 5th century CE. Further, it reveals that after the Achaemenids had established the physical and administrative infrastructure in Greater Gandhara, the continuity in socio-cultural development in the region was maintained mainly by the growing Buddhist population. This book illustrates the spirit of independence and features in the character of the ancient people of the Gandhara region which facilitated the sustained progress towards the emergence of the Gandhara Civilization. Following the invasion of Alexander the Great, his successors had no difficulty in colonizing Bactria (Northern Afghanistan) and Sogdia (Uzbekistan), but they could not do the same in Gandhara. Similarly the Scythians, Parthians and the Kushans ruled over the Central Asian region as colonizers, but not so in Gandhara. Here they ruled not over the people, but with the people. Their administration was highly de-centralized, with the locals playing a major role in the regional administration and having a major say in the social and cultural affairs of the entire population. Finally, the book highlights the interactive environment which prevailed in Gandhara throughout the transient and mature phases of the Gandhara Civilization: Alexander's companions hobnobbing with the naked fakirs of Taxila; Menander, the great Indus-Greek ruler, finding time to engage in prolonged question-and-answer sessions with Buddhist scholars at the monastery near Sagala (Sialkot); and the greatest of the Kushan conquerors, Kanishka, finding pleasure in the company of local intellectuals and artists such as Asvaghosha and Vasumitra, and presiding over the official launch of Mahayana Buddhism.
The Grandeur Of Gandhara
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Author : Rafi U. Samad
language : en
Publisher: Algora Publishing
Release Date : 2011
The Grandeur Of Gandhara written by Rafi U. Samad and has been published by Algora Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with History categories.
The northwestern regions of Pakistan and southeastern regions of Afghanistan were once the heart of a highly developed civilization whose cultural impact was felt from China to Persia. A major center of Buddhism, its cultural attainments were highlights of ancient civilization. The author's research, accompanied by some 60 illustrations, offers Americans an entirely new understanding of the desolate region shown on the nightly news. The Persian, Greek and Central Asian invasions of Gandhara, rather than causing wide scale destruction in the region, promoted the development of a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic society. After a gestation period of about half a millennium, this region blossomed into a unique civilization in the opening years of the Common Era. Detailed archaeological excavations were started at sites in northern Pakistan and Afghanistan in the late-19th century. Through these excavations, eminent archaeologists such as Aurel Stein, Alexander Cunningham, John Marshall, J. Barthoux and Professor A.H. Dani recovered hundreds of thousands of beautiful stone sculptures belonging to the Gandhara Civilization. In the last century or so, much has been written about the artistic quality of these beautiful stone sculptures. But hardly anything has been written about the Civilization itself that gave birth to these extraordinary pieces of art. In this book an effort has been made to present Gandhara in its wider perspective, highlighting the different features of a unique civilization in which many different races contributed and many cultures merged to bring about a major sociological change and establish a distinct cultural identity in this region of the South Asian sub-continent. This book is based on the author's analysis of archaeologists' reports, information gathered through extended visits to numerous archaeological sites associated with the lost Gandhara Civilization including those in the Taxila, Peshawar, Charsadda, Mardan and Swat regions in Pakistan, and study in museums. His research reveals a great deal of continuity in the field of socio-cultural development of the region, which is referred to in this book as Greater Gandhara, from the time it became a part of the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BCE till the end of Kidara Kushan's rule in the 5th century CE. Further, it reveals that after the Achaemenids had established the physical and administrative infrastructure in Greater Gandhara, the continuity in socio-cultural development in the region was maintained mainly by the growing Buddhist population. This book illustrates the spirit of independence and features in the character of the ancient people of the Gandhara region which facilitated the sustained progress towards the emergence of the Gandhara Civilization. Following the invasion of Alexander the Great, his successors had no difficulty in colonizing Bactria (Northern Afghanistan) and Sogdia (Uzbekistan), but they could not do the same in Gandhara. Similarly the Scythians, Parthians and the Kushans ruled over the Central Asian region as colonizers, but not so in Gandhara. Here they ruled not over the people, but with the people. Their administration was highly de-centralized, with the locals playing a major role in the regional administration and having a major say in the social and cultural affairs of the entire population. Finally, the book highlights the interactive environment which prevailed in Gandhara throughout the transient and mature phases of the Gandhara Civilization: Alexander's companions hobnobbing with the naked fakirs of Taxila; Menander, the great Indus-Greek ruler, finding time to engage in prolonged question-and-answer sessions with Buddhist scholars at the monastery near Sagala (Sialkot); and the greatest of the Kushan conquerors, Kanishka, finding pleasure in the company of local intellectuals and artists such as Asvaghosha and Vasumitra, and presiding over the official launch of Mahayana Buddhism.
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Author : Tobias Lanslor
language : zh-CN
Publisher: Cambridge Stanford Books
Release Date :
written by Tobias Lanslor and has been published by Cambridge Stanford Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with History categories.
佛教與羅馬世界：方丹大使館，佛教文化和基督教前希臘，莫里揚（Mauryan）pro依，佛教文化向西擴展，西方佛教知識，佛教與諾斯替教，佛教與水肺病。 and陀羅佛教：概述，藝術與建築，佛教文字，影響力。佛教的絲綢之路傳播：北部傳播（來自北印度和中亞），南部傳播（來自斯里蘭卡），中國佛教史學。印度佛教的歷史：背景，早期發展，印度佛教的加強，佛法大師，印度佛教的衰落，印度佛教的複興，文化，分支機構，人口統計學。印度次大陸佛教的衰落：佛教的發展，古普塔王朝（4-6世紀），社會政治變革和宗教競爭，伊斯蘭入侵和征服（10至12世紀），佛教在印度次大陸的生存，復興。
The Geography Of Gandh Ran Art
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Author : Wannaporn Rienjang
language : en
Publisher: Archaeopress
Release Date : 2019-03-15
The Geography Of Gandh Ran Art written by Wannaporn Rienjang and has been published by Archaeopress this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-03-15 with Art categories.
Gandhāran art is usually regarded as a single phenomenon – a unified regional artistic tradition or 'school'. Indeed it has distinctive visual characteristics, materials, and functions, and is characterized by its extensive borrowings from the Graeco-Roman world. Yet this tradition is also highly varied. Even the superficial homogeneity of Gandhāran sculpture, which constitutes the bulk of documented artistic material from this region in the early centuries AD, belies a considerable range of styles, technical approaches, iconographic choices, and levels of artistic skill. The geographical variations in Gandhāran art have received less attention than they deserve. Many surviving Gandhāran artefacts are unprovenanced and the difficulty of tracing substantial assemblages of sculpture to particular sites has obscured the fine-grained picture of its artistic geography. Well documented modern excavations at particular sites and areas, such as the projects of the Italian Archaeological Mission in the Swat Valley, have demonstrated the value of looking at sculptures in context and considering distinctive aspects of their production, use, and reuse within a specific locality. However, insights of this kind have been harder to gain for other areas, including the Gandhāran heartland of the Peshawar basin. Even where large collections of artworks can be related to individual sites, the exercise of comparing material within and between these places is still at an early stage. The relationship between the Gandhāran artists or 'workshops', particular stone sources, and specific sites is still unclear. Addressing these and other questions, this second volume of the Gandhara Connections project at Oxford University’s Classical Art Research Centre presents the proceedings of a workshop held in March 2018. Its aim is to pick apart the regional geography of Gandhāran art, presenting new discoveries at particular sites, textual evidence, and the challenges and opportunities of exploring Gandhāra’s artistic geography.
Vai Tr C A Ph T Gi O Trong Th Gi I C I N V S M R Ng Qua N
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Author : Tobias Lanslor
language : vi
Publisher: Cambridge Stanford Books
Release Date :
Vai Tr C A Ph T Gi O Trong Th Gi I C I N V S M R Ng Qua N written by Tobias Lanslor and has been published by Cambridge Stanford Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with History categories.
Phật giáo và thế giới La Mã: Đại sứ quán Pandion, văn hóa Phật giáo và Hy Lạp tiền Cơ đốc giáo, truyền đạo Mauryan, Mở rộng văn hóa Phật giáo về phía tây, kiến thức phương Tây về Phật giáo, Phật giáo và thuyết Ngộ đạo, Phật giáo và thuyết Pyrrhonism. Phật giáo Gandharan: Tổng quan, Nghệ thuật và kiến trúc, Văn bản Phật giáo, Ảnh hưởng. Con đường tơ lụa của Phật giáo: Bắc truyền (từ Bắc Ấn và Trung Á), Nam truyền (từ Sri Lanka), Phật giáo sử Trung Hoa. Lịch sử Phật giáo ở Ấn Độ: Bối cảnh, Sự phát triển ban đầu, Sự củng cố của Phật giáo ở Ấn Độ, Các thầy pháp, Sự suy tàn của Phật giáo ở Ấn Độ, Sự hồi sinh của Phật giáo ở Ấn Độ, Văn hóa, Chi nhánh, Nhân khẩu học. Sự suy tàn của Phật giáo ở tiểu lục địa Ấn Độ: Sự phát triển của Phật giáo, Vương triều Gupta (thế kỷ 4-6), Thay đổi chính trị xã hội và cạnh tranh tôn giáo,Các cuộc xâm lược và chinh phục của người Hồi giáo (thế kỷ 10 đến thế kỷ 12), Sự tồn tại của Phật giáo ở tiểu lục địa Ấn Độ, Sự phục hưng.
Sejarah Buddhisme Dari Awal Hingga Penurunannya Di India
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Author : Tobias Lanslor
language : id
Publisher: Cambridge Stanford Books
Release Date :
Sejarah Buddhisme Dari Awal Hingga Penurunannya Di India written by Tobias Lanslor and has been published by Cambridge Stanford Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with History categories.
Agama Buddha muncul di bagian timur India Kuno, di dalam dan sekitar Kerajaan Magadha kuno (sekarang di Bihar, India), dan didasarkan pada ajaran Siddhārtha Gautama. Agama berkembang saat menyebar dari wilayah timur laut anak benua India melalui Asia Tengah, Timur, dan Tenggara. Pada satu waktu atau lainnya, itu mempengaruhi sebagian besar benua Asia. Sejarah agama Buddha juga dicirikan oleh perkembangan berbagai gerakan, perpecahan, dan aliran, di antaranya Theravāda, dan tradisi, dengan periode ekspansi dan mundur yang kontras. Sumber awal menyatakan Siddhārtha Gautama lahir di Republik Shakya (Pali: Sakka) kecil, yang merupakan bagian dari alam Kosala di India kuno, sekarang di Nepal modern. Karena itu, ia juga dikenal sebagai Shakyamuni (secara harfiah: "Orang bijak dari klan Shakya).Teks Buddhis Awal tidak berisi kehidupan Buddha yang berkelanjutan, hanya kemudian setelah 200 SM berbagai "biografi" dengan banyak hiasan mitologis tertulis. Namun semua teks setuju bahwa Gautama meninggalkan kehidupan perumah tangga dan hidup sebagai pertapa sramana untuk beberapa waktu belajar di bawah berbagai guru, sebelum mencapai nirwana (pemadaman) dan bodhi (kebangkitan) melalui meditasi.
L Ch S Ph T Gi O T Kh I U N Suy T N N
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Author : Tobias Lanslor
language : vi
Publisher: Cambridge Stanford Books
Release Date :
L Ch S Ph T Gi O T Kh I U N Suy T N N written by Tobias Lanslor and has been published by Cambridge Stanford Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with History categories.
Phật giáo phát sinh ở phía đông của Ấn Độ Cổ đại, trong và xung quanh Vương quốc Magadha cổ đại (nay thuộc Bihar, Ấn Độ), và dựa trên những lời dạy của Siddhārtha Gautama. Tôn giáo phát triển khi nó lan rộng từ khu vực đông bắc của tiểu lục địa Ấn Độ qua Trung, Đông và Đông Nam Á. Lúc này hay lúc khác, nó ảnh hưởng đến hầu hết lục địa Châu Á. Lịch sử của Phật giáo cũng được đặc trưng bởi sự phát triển của nhiều phong trào, giáo phái và trường phái, trong số đó có Theravāda, và các truyền thống, với các giai đoạn mở rộng và rút lui tương phản. Các nguồn thông tin ban đầu cho biết Siddhārtha Gautama sinh ra ở nước Cộng hòa Shakya (Pali: Sakka) nhỏ bé, là một phần của vương quốc Kosala của Ấn Độ cổ đại, ngày nay thuộc Nepal. Do đó, ông còn được gọi là Thích Ca Mâu Ni (nghĩa đen: "Nhà hiền triết của gia tộc Shakya).Các Kinh văn Phật giáo sơ khai không có ghi chép về cuộc đời liên tục của Đức Phật, chỉ sau năm 200 trước Công nguyên mới có nhiều "tiểu sử" khác nhau với nhiều sự tô điểm mang tính thần thoại được viết ra. Tuy nhiên, tất cả các văn bản đều đồng ý rằng Gautama đã từ bỏ cuộc sống chủ gia đình và sống như một nhà tu khổ hạnh sramana trong một thời gian học tập dưới nhiều vị thầy khác nhau, trước khi đạt được niết bàn (dập tắt) và bodhi (tỉnh thức) thông qua thiền định.
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Author : Yuri Galbinst
language : zh-CN
Publisher: Cambridge Stanford Books
Release Date :
written by Yuri Galbinst and has been published by Cambridge Stanford Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with History categories.
佛教起源於古印度東部，古代馬加達王國（現位於印度比哈爾邦）及其周圍地區，其基礎是悉達多（SiddhārthaGautama）的教s。該宗教是從印度次大陸的東北部地區通過中亞，東亞和東南亞傳播而來的。一次或兩次，它影響了亞洲大部分地區。佛教的歷史特徵還在於眾多運動，分裂和流派的發展，其中包括上座部（Theravāda）和傳統，以及擴張和退縮的時期。早期消息來源說，悉達多•豪達瑪（SiddhārthaGautama）出生於小沙克亞（Pali：Sakka）共和國，該共和國是古代印度可薩拉地區的一部分，現今在尼泊爾。因此，他也被稱為釋迦牟尼（Shakyamuni）（字面意思："釋迦派的聖人"）。早期的佛教文獻沒有包含佛陀的連續生命，僅在公元前200年以後才出版了各種帶有神話色彩的點綴的"傳記"。然而，所有文獻都同意，高塔瑪放棄了家庭生活，在許多老師的指導下學習了一段時間的苦行僧苦修，然後通過冥想獲得了涅rv（滅絕）和菩提（覺醒）。
The Roman Empire And The Silk Routes
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Author : Raoul McLaughlin
language : en
Publisher: Pen and Sword
Release Date : 2016-11-11
The Roman Empire And The Silk Routes written by Raoul McLaughlin and has been published by Pen and Sword this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-11-11 with History categories.
A fascinating history of the intricate web of trade routes connecting ancient Rome to Eastern civilizations, including its powerful rival, the Han Empire. The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes investigates the trade routes between Rome and the powerful empires of inner Asia, including the Parthian Empire of ancient Persia, and the Kushan Empire which seized power in Bactria (Afghanistan), laying claim to the Indus Kingdoms. Further chapters examine the development of Palmyra as a leading caravan city on the edge of Roman Syria. Raoul McLaughlin also delves deeply into Rome’s trade ventures through the Tarim territories, which led its merchants to the Han Empire of ancient China. Having established a system of Central Asian trade routes known as the Silk Road, the Han carried eastern products as far as Persia and the frontiers of the Roman Empire. Though they were matched in scale, the Han surpassed its European rival in military technology. The first book to address these subjects in a single comprehensive study, The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes explores Rome’s impact on the ancient world economy and reveals what the Chinese and Romans knew about their rival Empires.
Regional Ecological Challenges For Peace In Africa The Middle East Latin America And Asia Pacific
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Author : Úrsula Oswald Spring
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-10-07
Regional Ecological Challenges For Peace In Africa The Middle East Latin America And Asia Pacific written by Úrsula Oswald Spring and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-10-07 with Law categories.
This book presents peer-reviewed texts from the International Peace Research Association’s Ecology and Peace Commission: M.I. Abazie-Humphrey (Nigeria) reviews “Nigeria’s Home-Grown DDR Programme”; C. Christian and H. Speight (USA) analyse “Water, Cooperation, and Peace in the Palestinian West Bank”; T. Galaviz (Mexico) discusses “The Peace Process Mediation Network between the Colombian Government and the April 19th Movement”; S.E. Serrano Oswald (Mexico) examines “Social Resilience and Intangible Cultural Heritage: Case Study in Mexico”; A. F. Rashid (Pakistan) and F. Feng (China) focus on “Community Perceptions of Ecological Disturbances Caused During Terrorists Invasion and Counter-insurgency Operations in Swat, Pakistan”; M. Yoshii (Japan) examines “Structure of Discrimination in Japan’s Nuclear Export” and finally, S. Takemine (Japan) discusses “‘Global Hibakusha’ and the Invisible Victims of US Nuclear Testing in the Marshall Islands”.