The Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Failure Report
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The Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Failure Report
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Author : National Aeronautics and Space Adm Nasa
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018-11-14
The Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Failure Report written by National Aeronautics and Space Adm Nasa and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-11-14 with categories.
The findings of the Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Board of Investigation are reported. The Board was formed to determine the cause of the flaw in the telescope, how it occurred, and why it was not detected before launch. The Board conducted its investigation to include interviews with personnel involved in the fabrication and test of the telescope, review of documentation, and analysis and test of the equipment used in the fabrication of the telescope's mirrors. The investigation proved that the primary mirror was made in the wrong shape (a 0.4-wave rms wavefront error at 632.8 nm). The primary mirror was manufactured by the Perkin-Elmer Corporation (Hughes Danbury Optical Systems, Inc.). The critical optics used as a template in shaping the mirror, the reflective null corrector (RNC), consisted of two small mirrors and a lens. This unit had been preserved by the manufacturer exactly as it was during the manufacture of the mirror. When the Board measured the RNC, the lens was incorrectly spaced from the mirrors. Calculations of the effect of such displacement on the primary mirror show that the measured amount, 1.3 mm, accounts in detail for the amount and character of the observed image blurring. No verification of the reflective null corrector's dimensions was carried out by Perkin-Elmer after the original assembly. There were, however, clear indications of the problem from auxiliary optical tests made at the time. A special optical unit called an inverse null corrector, designed to mimic the reflection from a perfect primary mirror, was built and used to align the apparatus; when so used, it clearly showed the error in the reflective null corrector. A second null corrector was used to measure the vertex radius of the finished primary mirror. It, too, clearly showed the error in the primary mirror. Both indicators of error were discounted at the time as being themselves flawed. The Perkin-Elmer plan for fabricating the primary mirror placed complete relia...
The Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Failure Report
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1990
The Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Failure Report written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990 with Hubble Space Telescope categories.
The Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Failure Report
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1990
The Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Failure Report written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990 with Optical instruments categories.
The Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Failure Report
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1990
The Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Failure Report written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990 with categories.
The Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Failure Report
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Author : United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1990
The Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Failure Report written by United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990 with categories.
Monthly Catalog Of United States Government Publications
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Monthly Catalog Of United States Government Publications written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Government publications categories.
The Universe In A Mirror
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Author : Robert Zimmerman
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2010-02-22
The Universe In A Mirror written by Robert Zimmerman and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-02-22 with Science categories.
The Hubble Space Telescope has produced the most stunning images of the cosmos humanity has ever seen. It has transformed our understanding of the universe around us, revealing new information about its age and evolution, the life cycle of stars, and the very existence of black holes, among other startling discoveries. But it took an amazing amount of work and perseverance to get the first space telescope up and running. The Universe in a Mirror tells the story of this telescope and the visionaries responsible for its extraordinary accomplishments. Robert Zimmerman takes readers behind the scenes of one of the most ambitious scientific instruments ever sent into space. After World War II, astronomer Lyman Spitzer and a handful of scientists waged a fifty-year struggle to build the first space telescope capable of seeing beyond Earth's atmospheric veil. Zimmerman shows how many of the telescope's advocates sacrificed careers and family to get it launched, and how others devoted their lives to Hubble only to have their hopes and reputations shattered when its mirror was found to be flawed. This is the story of an idea that would not die--and of the dauntless human spirit. Illustrated with striking color images, The Universe in a Mirror describes the heated battles between scientists and bureaucrats, the perseverance of astronauts to repair and maintain the telescope, and much more. Hubble, and the men and women behind it, opened a rare window onto the universe, dazzling humanity with sights never before seen. This book tells their remarkable story. A new afterword updates the reader on the May 2009 Hubble service mission and looks to the future of astronomy, including the prospect of a new space telescope to replace Hubble.
Scientific And Technical Aerospace Reports
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1991
Scientific And Technical Aerospace Reports written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Aeronautics categories.
Exploring The Unknown
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Author : John M. Logsdon
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Exploring The Unknown written by John M. Logsdon and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Astronautics categories.
General Theory Of Light Propagation And Imaging Through The Atmosphere
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Author : T. Stewart McKechnie
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2022-10-06
General Theory Of Light Propagation And Imaging Through The Atmosphere written by T. Stewart McKechnie and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-10-06 with Science categories.
This 2nd edition lays out an updated version of the general theory of light propagation and imaging through Earth’s turbulent atmosphere initially developed in the late ‘70s and ‘80s, with additional applications in the areas of laser communications and high-energy laser beam propagation. New material includes a chapter providing a comprehensive mathematical tool set for precisely characterizing image formation with the anticipated Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTS), enabling a staggering range of star image shapes and sizes; existing chapters rewritten or modified so as to supplement the mathematics with clearer physical insight through written and graphical means; a history of the development of present-day understanding of light propagation and imaging through the atmosphere as represented by the general theory described. Beginning with the rudimentary, geometrical-optics based understanding of a century ago, it describes advances made in the 1960s, including the development of the ‘Kolmogorov theory,’ the deficiencies of which undermined its credibility, but not before it had done enormous damage, such as construction of a generation of underperforming ‘light bucket’ telescopes. The general theory requires no a priori turbulence assumptions. Instead, it provides means for calculating the turbulence properties directly from readily-measurable properties of star images.