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The Illicit Drug Transit Zone In Central America

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The Illicit Drug Transit Zone In Central America

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Author : United States. Congress
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2018-01-31

The Illicit Drug Transit Zone In Central America written by United States. Congress and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-01-31 with categories.

The illicit drug transit zone in Central America : hearing before the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, November 9, 2005.

The Illicit Drug Transit Zone In Central America

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Author : United States House of Representatives
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019-11-28

The Illicit Drug Transit Zone In Central America written by United States House of Representatives and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-11-28 with categories.

The illicit drug transit zone in Central America: hearing before the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, November 9, 2005.

The Illicit Drug Transit Zone In Central America

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Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006

The Illicit Drug Transit Zone In Central America written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Political Science categories.

The Illicit Drug Transit Zone In Central America

Drug Control

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Author : Jess T. Ford
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 2009-02

Drug Control written by Jess T. Ford and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-02 with Political Science categories.

Each year, criminal organizations transport hundreds of tons of illegal drugs from South America to the U.S. through a 6 million square mile ¿transit zone¿ including Central America, the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the eastern Pacific Ocean. Since FY 2003, the U.S. has provided over $950 million to support counter-narcotics efforts in transit zone countries, which historically lacked the capacity to interdict drugs. This report examines: (1) how the U.S. has assisted transit zone countries in disrupting drug trafficking; and (2) what factors have impeded these efforts. Includes recommendations. Charts, tables and photos.

Latin America And The Caribbean

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Author : Clare Ribando Seelke
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 2010-10

Latin America And The Caribbean written by Clare Ribando Seelke and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-10 with Self-Help categories.

Contents: (1) An Overview of Illicit Drugs in Latin America and the Caribbean (LA&C): Drug Traffickers and Related Criminal-Terrorist Actors; (2) U.S. Antidrug Assistance Programs in LA&C: Plan Colombia: Mérida Initiative for Mexico and Central America: U.S. Assistance to Mexico Beyond Mérida; Central American Regional Security Initiative; Caribbean Basin Security Initiative; DoD Counternarcotics Assistance Programs; (3) Foreign Assistance Prohibitions and Conditions: Annual Drug Certification Process; Conditions on Counternarcotics Assistance: Human Rights Prohibitions on Assistance to Security Forces; Country-Specific Prohibitions on Certain Counterdrug Assistance; Drug Eradication-Related Conditions; (4) Issues for Congress. Illus.

Drug Cartels And Gangs In Mexico And Central America A View Through The Lens Of Counterinsurgency Mexican Cartels Coin Doctrine Colombia S Insurgency Drug Trafficking Organizations Dtos

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Author : U. S. Military
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017-04-21

Drug Cartels And Gangs In Mexico And Central America A View Through The Lens Of Counterinsurgency Mexican Cartels Coin Doctrine Colombia S Insurgency Drug Trafficking Organizations Dtos written by U. S. Military and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-04-21 with categories.

For decades, the United States, and its partner Latin American nations, have fought to stop the flow of illicit drugs from South America to the streets of North America, yet the drugs continue to feed the addiction of the 5.8 million cocaine users in the United States today. The Unites States has confronted the problem at all levels-- primarily demand reduction, source eradication, and interdiction. While addressing demand and supply are critical to ending the international drug trade, the transit zone countries of Mexico and Central America are caught in a crossfire of widespread violence, corruption, and weakened state security perpetuated by this multi-billion dollar drug industry. The situation in the region has regressed beyond criminal activity to a drug-fueled state of siege--a criminal insurgency, which has directly threatened the lawfulness and security of transit zone countries. This paper examines the drug war in Central America and Mexico, highlighting its similarities to other insurgencies, and offers ideas on how to apply counterinsurgency doctrine to influence the effort to deny secure transshipment points to drug cartels. In doing so, this paper highlights both the intellectual and physical linkages between the commonly accepted military history of insurgencies and the history of the fight against drug trafficking organizations. To that end the United States, Mexico, and Central America need to challenge drug trafficking organizations and gangs through a regional counterinsurgency strategy that denies impunity for drug cartels, and enables Central American and Mexican governments to reestablish the legitimacy of their governing and legal institutions and regain control over all of their territory for the long term.CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION * CHAPTER 2 - BRIEF HISTORY OF CONFLICT AND DRUG TRAFFICKING: THE ROAD TO TODAY'S DILEMMA * Generations of Conflict and Drug Trafficking: a Training Ground for Criminals * Squeezing the Balloon: Central America and Mexico Become DTO's Preferred Route * CHAPTER 3 - DRUG CARTELS, DRUG GANGS, AND INSURGENCIES * Defining Criminal Insurgency * Three Phases of Insurgency and the DTO Connection * Linking Drug Gangs and Insurgency * Mexican Drug Cartels: The Criminal-Insurgency Leadership * Lessons from Colombia's Insurgency * CHAPTER 4 - DEFEATING THE DTOS: A UNIFIED COIN APPROACH * Aligning Drug Control Strategy with COIN Doctrine * The Merida Initiative: Unprecedented Cooperation in Need of a Full Commitment * CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS * Central America and Mexico's History Provides Key Roots of Today's Dilemma * DTO and Gang Links to Insurgency Provide a New Lens to View the Problem * Colombia's Insurgency Offers Applicable Lessons for Central America and Mexico * Drug Control Strategy and COIN Doctrine Need to be Leveraged * BIBLIOGRAPHY

Latin America And The Caribbean

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Author : Clare Ribando Seelke
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010

Latin America And The Caribbean written by Clare Ribando Seelke and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Drug traffic categories.

Drug trafficking is viewed as a primary threat to citizen security and U.S. interests in Latin America and the Caribbean despite decades of anti-drug efforts by the United States and partner governments. The production and trafficking of popular illicit drugs--cocaine, marijuana, opiates, and methamphetamine--generates a multi-billion dollar black market in which Latin American criminal and terrorist organizations thrive. These groups challenge state authority in source and transit countries where governments are often fragile and easily corrupted. Mexican drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) largely control the U.S. illicit drug market and have been identified by the U.S. Department of Justice as the 'greatest organized crime threat to the United States.' Drug trafficking-related crime and violence in the region has escalated in recent years, raising the drug issue to the forefront of U.S. foreign policy concerns. Since the mid-1970s, the U.S. government has invested billions of dollars in anti-drug assistance programs aimed at reducing the flow of Latin American-sourced illicit drugs to the United States. Most of these programs have emphasized supply reduction tools, particularly drug crop eradication and interdiction of illicit narcotics, and have been designed on a bilateral or subregional level. Many would argue that the results of U.S.-led drug control efforts have been mixed. Temporary successes in one country or sub-region have often led traffickers to alter their cultivation patterns, production techniques, and trafficking routes and methods in order to avoid detection. As a result of this so-called 'balloon effect, ' efforts have done little to reduce the overall availability of illicit drugs in the United States. In addition, some observers assert that certain mainstays of U.S.-funded counterdrug programs, particularly aerial spraying to eradicate drug crops, have had unintended social and economic consequences. The Obama Administration has continued U.S. support for Plan Colombia and the Mérida Initiative, but is gradually broadening the focus of those aid packages to address the societal and institutional effects of the drug trade and related criminality and violence, rather than mainly funding supply control efforts. Newer programs like the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative (CBSI) include more of an emphasis on rule of law, anti-corruption, and community and youth development programs. In order to complement these international efforts, President Obama and his top advisers have acknowledged the role that U.S. drug demand has played in fueling the drug trade in the region and requested increased funding for prevention and treatment programs. The 111th Congress has influenced U.S. drug control policy in Latin America by appropriating certain types and levels of funding for counterdrug assistance programs in P.L. 111-8, P.L. 111-32, and P.L. 111-117. Congress has also conditioned the provision of antidrug funding on the basis of human rights and other reporting requirements. It has sought to ensure that counterdrug programs are implemented in tandem with judicial reform, anti-corruption, and human rights programs. Several bills address counternarcotics issues in the region, including House-passed H.R. 2410 (Berman), House-passed H.R. 2134 (Engel) and S. 3172 (Menendez). Congress has been active in evaluating drug assistance programs through multiple oversight hearings. This report provides an overview of the drug flows in the Americas and U.S. antidrug assistance programs in the region. It also raises some policy issues for Congress to consider as it exercises oversight of U.S. antidrug programs and policies in the Western Hemisphere. For more information, see CRS Report RL34543, International Drug Control Policy, by Liana Sun Wyler, CRS Report RL32250, Colombia: Issues for Congress; and CRS Report R40135, Mérida Initiative for Mexico and Central America: Funding and Policy Issues.

Transnational Organized Crime In Central America And The Caribbean

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012

Transnational Organized Crime In Central America And The Caribbean written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Organized crime categories.

This report is one of several studies conducted by UNODC on organized crime threats around the world. These studies describe what is known about the mechanics of contraband trafficking - the what, who, how, and how much of illicit flows - and discuss their potential impact on governance and development. Their primary role is diagnostic, but they also explore the implications of these findings for policy. Publisher's note.

The Challenge Of Drug Trafficking To Democratic Governance And Human Security In

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Author : U S Army War College
language : en
Publisher: CreateSpace
Release Date : 2014-09-22

The Challenge Of Drug Trafficking To Democratic Governance And Human Security In written by U S Army War College and has been published by CreateSpace this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-09-22 with categories.

West Africa is under attack from international criminal networks that are using the subregion as a key global hub for the distribution, wholesale, and increased production of illicit drugs. Most drug trade in West Africa involves cocaine sold in Europe, although heroin is also trafficked to the United States, and the subregion is becoming an export base for amphetamines and their precursors, mainly for East Asian markets and, increasingly, the United States. The most important of these criminal networks are drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) from Latin America-primarily from Colombia, Venezuela, and Mexico-partnering with West African criminals. These criminals, particularly Nigerians and Ghanaians, have been involved in the global drug trade for several decades, first with cannabis and later with heroin. The problem has worsened to the point that these networks represent an existential threat to the viability of already fragile states in West Africa as independent, rule of law based entities. As part of this new Latin America- West Africa criminal nexus, Guinea-Bissau is generally recognized as a narco-state where state-capture by traffickers has already occurred. There is also increasingly strong evidence linking terrorist organizations or state sponsors of terrorism to the West Africa drug trade, including Colombia's Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), Hezbollah (allied with elements in the Lebanese diaspora), Venezuela, and Iran. These criminal and terrorist groups are also a threat to U.S. national security, because the illicit profits earned by Latin American drug cartels operating in West Africa strengthen the same crimi nal elements that traffic drugs to North America, and the same North African and Middle Eastern terrorist groups and nations that target the United States. The link to AQIM takes on particular significance in light of this terrorist organization's recent takeover of a vast sector of ungoverned space in northern Mali, along with Touareg allies. West Africa's geographical location between Latin America and Europe made it an ideal transit zone for exploitation by powerful drug cartels and terrorist organizations-much as the Caribbean and Central America had long suffered for being placed between South America's cocaine producers and North America's cocaine users. West Africa's primary operational allure to traffickers is not actually geography, however, but rather its low standards of governance, low levels of law enforcement capacity, and high rates of corruption. Latin American traffickers recently relocated a share of their wholesale distribution from the Western Hemisphere to West Africa, with the subregion moving from being merely a short-term transit point to becoming a storage and staging area for wholesale repackaging, re-routing and sometimes (re-)sale of drugs.

The Illicit Drug Transit Zone In Central America

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