The Mathematics Of Blunt Body Sampling

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The Mathematics Of Blunt Body Sampling

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Author : Sarah J. Dunnett
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-12

The Mathematics Of Blunt Body Sampling written by Sarah J. Dunnett and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-12 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Particle samplers are widely used in workplaces in order to determine the concentration of airborne particles in the atmosphere. They generally operate by drawing air, with the aid of a pump, through one or more orifices in the sampler body and housed within the sampler is a filter through which the air is subsequently drawn. The airborne particles are collected on the filter and their concentration is determined. Various samplers have been designed for this purpose including "static" samplers, which are located in a fixed position in a working environment and determine the dust concentration averaged over a prescribed period of time at that one point, and "personal" samplers which are mounted on a working person near to the breathing zone. The ORB sampler, a static sampler designed by Ogden and Birkett (1978) to have approximately the same entry efficiency, for particles with aerodynamical diameter up to at least 25~m, as a human head equally exposed to all wind directions for wind speeds between 0 and 2. 75m1s, is shown in Fig. l. l and examples of personal samplers are shown in Fig. 1. 2a, b and c and represent a single 4mm hole sampler, a seven hole sampler and a 25mm open face filter holder respectively. These three samplers are some of the most commonly used personal samplers for sampling the total airborne concentrations of workplace dusts in Britain.

The Mathematics Of Blunt Body Sampling

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Author : Sarah J Dunnett
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1988-10-24

The Mathematics Of Blunt Body Sampling written by Sarah J Dunnett and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1988-10-24 with categories.

Dynamic Analysis Of Non Linear Structures By The Method Of Statistical Quadratization

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Author : M.G. Donley
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06

Dynamic Analysis Of Non Linear Structures By The Method Of Statistical Quadratization written by M.G. Donley and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Technology & Engineering categories.

1. 1 Introduction As offshore oil production moves into deeper water, compliant structural systems are becoming increasingly important. Examples of this type of structure are tension leg platfonns (TLP's), guyed tower platfonns, compliant tower platfonns, and floating production systems. The common feature of these systems, which distinguishes them from conventional jacket platfonns, is that dynamic amplification is minimized by designing the surge and sway natural frequencies to be lower than the predominant frequencies of the wave spectrum. Conventional jacket platfonns, on the other hand, are designed to have high stiffness so that the natural frequencies are higher than the wave frequencies. At deeper water depths, however, it becomes uneconomical to build a platfonn with high enough stiffness. Thus, the switch is made to the other side of the wave spectrum. The low natural frequency of a compliant platfonn is achieved by designing systems which inherently have low stiffness. Consequently, the maximum horizontal excursions of these systems can be quite large. The low natural frequency characteristic of compliant systems creates new analytical challenges for engineers. This is because geometric stiffness and hydrodynamic force nonlinearities can cause significant resonance responses in the surge and sway modes, even though the natural frequencies of these modes are outside the wave spectrum frequencies. High frequency resonance responses in other modes, such as the pitch mode of a TLP, are also possible.

Computational Tensor Analysis Of Shell Structures

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Author : Steve Naomis
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06

Computational Tensor Analysis Of Shell Structures written by Steve Naomis and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Technology & Engineering categories.

This book presents a method which is capable of evaluating the deformation characteristics of thin shell structures A free vibration analysis is chosen as a convenient means of studying the displacement behaviour of the shell, enabling it to deform naturally without imposing any particular loading conditions. The strain-displacement equations for thin shells of arbitrary geometry are developed. These relationships are expressed in general curvilinear coordinates and are formulated entirely in the framework of tensor calculus. The resulting theory is not restricted to shell structures characterized by any particular geometric form, loading or boundary conditions. The complete displacement and strain equations developed by Flugge are approximated by the curvilinear finite difference method and are applied to computing the natural frequencies and mode shapes of general thin shells. This approach enables both the displacement components and geometric properties of the shell to be approximated numerically and accurately. The selection of an appropriate displacement field to approximate the deformation of the shell within each finite difference mesh is discussed in detail. In addition, comparisons are made between the use of second and third-order finite difference interpolation meshes.

Field Analysis And Potential Theory

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Author : Robert S. Edgar
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-08

Field Analysis And Potential Theory written by Robert S. Edgar and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-08 with Science categories.

"Electromagnetic theory is a peculiar subject. The peculiarity resides not so much in the stratification - superposed layers of electrostatics. magnetostatics. steady currents and time-varying fields - as in the failure that has attended all attempts to weld these layers into a logical whole. The lowest layer. electrostatics. defines certain concepts. such as E. D, ~, in a way that is generally satisfactory only for the static case. Yet the attempt is made to force these specialised definitions into the higher strata, with ad hoc modifications when necessary. The student, in looking through his text books on electromagnetics, can find general definitions only with difficulty. if at all; and even the most advanced treatises fail to present a rigorously logical development of the subject". 1 So wrote Moon and Spencer some 30 years ago; and their criticism continues to be pertinent today. 2 More recently. a senior physicist of the National Bureau of Standards has expressed his concern in similar terms: "A logically consistent set of definitions of the electromagnetic field quantities is extremely difficult to find in the literature. Most text books either evade the problem or present definitions that are applicable only to special cases".

Filtering Techniques For Turbulent Flow Simulation

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Author : Alvaro A. Aldama
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-08

Filtering Techniques For Turbulent Flow Simulation written by Alvaro A. Aldama and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-08 with Science categories.

1. 1 Scope of the Study The detailed and reasonably accurate computation of large scale turbulent flows has become increasingly important in geophysical and engi neering applications in recent years. The definition of water quality management policies for reservoirs, lakes, estuaries, and coastal waters, as well as the design of cooling ponds and solar ponds, requires an ade quate quantitative description of turbulent flows. When the diffusion of some tracer (be it active, such as temperature or salinity, or passive, such as dissolved oxygen) is of relevance to a specific application, the proper determination of the effects of turbulent transport processes has paramount importance. Thus, for instance, the proper understanding of lake and reservoir dynamics requires, as a first step, the ability to simulate turbulent flows. Applications in other areas of geophysical research, such as meteorology and oceanography are easily identified and large in number. It should be stressed that, in this context, the analyst seeks predictive ability to a certain extent. Accordingly, the need for simulation models that closely resemble the natural processes to be repre sented has recently become more evident. Since the late 1960s considerable effort has been devoted to the development of models for the simulation of complex turbulent flows. This has resulted in the establishment of two approaches which have been, or 2 have the potential for being, applied to problems of engineering and geophysical interest.

Discretization Methods And Structural Optimization Procedures And Applications

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Author : Hans A. Eschenauer
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06

Discretization Methods And Structural Optimization Procedures And Applications written by Hans A. Eschenauer and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Technology & Engineering categories.

In recent years, the Finite Element Methods FEM were more and more employed in development and design departments as very fast working tools in order to determine stresses, deformations, eigenfrequencies etc. for all kinds of constructions under complex loading conditions. Meanwhile. very effective software systems have been developed by various research teams although some mathematical problems (e. g. convergence) have not been solved satisfac torily yet. In order to make further advances and to find a common language between mathe maticians and mechanicians the "Society for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics" (GAMM) agreed on the foundation of a special Committee: "Discretization Methods in Solid Mechanics" focussing on the following problems: - Structuring of various methods (displacement functions, hybrid and mixed approaches, etc. >, - Survey of approach functions (Lagrange-/Hermite-polynominals, Spline-functions), - Description of singularities, - Convergence and stability, - Practical and theoretical optimality to all mentioned issues (single and interacting). One of the basic aims of the GAMM-Committee is the interdisciplinary cooperation between mechanicians, mathematicians, and users which shall be intensified. Thus, on September 22, 1985 the committee decided to hold a seminar on "Structural Optimization" in order to allow an exchange of experiences and thoughts between the experts of finite element methods and those of structural optimization. A GAMM-seminar entitled "Discretization Methods and Structural Optimization - Procedures and Applications" was hold on October 5-7, 1988 at the Unversity of Siegen.

Difference Equations From Differential Equations

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Author : Wilbert J. Lick
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06

Difference Equations From Differential Equations written by Wilbert J. Lick and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Technology & Engineering categories.

In computational mechanics, the first and quite often the most difficult part of a problem is the correct formulation of the problem. This is usually done in terms of differential equations. Once this formulation is accomplished, the translation of the governing differential equations into accurate, stable, and physically realistic difference equations can be a formidable task. By comparison, the numerical evaluation of these difference equations in order to obtain a solution is usually much simpler. The present notes are primarily concerned with the second task, that of deriving accurate, stable, and physically realistic difference equations from the governing differential equations. Procedures for the numerical evaluation of these difference equations are also presented. In later applications, the physical formulation of the problem and the properties of the numerical solution, especially as they are related to the numerical approximations inherent in the solution, are discussed. There are numerous ways to form difference equations from differential equations.

Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamics

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Author : Thomas J. Mueller
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-08

Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamics written by Thomas J. Mueller and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-08 with Science categories.

Current interest in a variety of low Reynolds number applications has focused attention on the design and evaluation of efficient airfoil sections at chord Reynolds numbers from about 100,000 to about 1,000,000. These applications include remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs) at high altitudes, sailplanes, ultra-light man-carrying/man powered aircraft, mini-RPVs at low altitudes and wind turbines/propellers. The purpose of this conference was to bring together those researchers who have been active in areas closely related to this subject. All of the papers presented are research type papers. Main topics are: Airfoil Design and Analysis, Computational Studies, Stability and Transition, Laminar Separation Bubble, Steady and Unsteady Wind Tunnel Experiments and Flight Experiments.

Slope Analysis Using Boundary Elements

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Author : Yansheng Jiang
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-09

Slope Analysis Using Boundary Elements written by Yansheng Jiang and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-09 with Science categories.

The aim of this book is to provide a new angle on the analysis of slope stability with the Boundary Element Method. The main advantages of BEM are the reduction of the dimensionality of the problem to be solved and accurate selective calculation of internal stresses. This makes it possible, as shown in the book, to develop the algorithms of slip surface analysis of slope more accurate, more rigorous and more easy to be used than in the conventional limit equilibrium methods. The full elastoplastic analysis of slope is also investigated. Besides, the interested reader can find a detailed study of Melan's fundamental solution such as its displacements, its corresponding Galerkin tensor and the treatment of body forces in the half-plan. The basic theory of BEM is outlined in the book so that undergraduate and graduate students of civil engineering, mining engineering and engineering geology can read it without difficulty.