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The Objects Of Credence

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The Objects Of Credence

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Author : Anna Mahtani
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2024-01-25

The Objects Of Credence written by Anna Mahtani and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-01-25 with Business & Economics categories.

The credence framework is widely used for working with probabilities in science, social science, and policy. Anna Mahtani argues that credences are not about objects in themselves, but rather about objects under a designator, and that this insight has far-reaching implications for our understanding of rationality, decision theory, and economics.

The Objects Of Credence

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Author : Anna Mahtani
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2023-12-26

The credence framework is used by scientists and social scientists in almost all disciplines, including economics and political theory, and it underpins policy choice in healthcare, transport, education, and numerous other areas. It is hard to overestimate its importance. On this framework, credences (or probabilities) are assigned to certain objects—but what objects? The Objects of Credence argues that these objects are 'opaque' or 'hyperintensional': to adapt an example from Frege, a person's credence that Hesperus ('the evening star') is bright might be different from their credence that Phosphorus ('the morning star') is bright, if that person does not know that Hesperus and Phosphorus are in fact one and the same. Our credences are not about objects in themselves, but rather about objects under a designator. Anna Mahtani demonstrates that this point has far-reaching implications for users of the credence framework: there are implications for principles of rationality, including deference principles and the Principal Principle, and practical implications for decision theory and welfare economics. There are also implications for how the framework should be interpreted; this book explores both two-dimensionalism and impossible worlds, and assimilating either into the credence framework brings further significant repercussions. The Objects of Credence therefore brings to light a simple yet deep insight with profound theoretical and policy implications. There are concepts which need to be re-thought, moves which turn out to be invalid, and principles which need to be rejected or transformed. The central aim is to give those who use the credence framework an awareness of the insight and its wide-reaching implications.

Frege S Puzzle

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Author : Nathan U. Salmon
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1991

Frege S Puzzle written by Nathan U. Salmon and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Anlambilim (Felsefe)- Tarih- 20. yüzyıl categories.

The nature of the information content of declarative sentences is a central topic in the philosophy of language. The natural view that a sentence like "John loves Mary" contains information in which two individuals occur as constituents is termed the naive theory, and is one that has been abandoned by most contemporary scholars. This theory was refuted originally by philosopher Gottlob Frege. His argument that the naive theory did not work is termed Frege's puzzle, and his rival account of information content is termed the orthodox theory. In this detailed study, Nathan Salmon defends a version of the naive theory and presents a proposal for its extension that provides a better picture of information content than the orthodox theory gives. He argues that a great deal of what has generally been taken for granted in the philosophy of language over the past few decades is either mistaken or unsupported, and consequently, much current research is focused on the wrong set of questions. Salmon dissolves Frege's puzzle as it is usually formulated and demonstrates how it can be reconstructed and strengthened to yield a more powerful objection to the naive theory. He then defends the naive theory against the new Frege puzzle by presenting an idea that yields both a surprisingly rich and powerful extension of the naive theory and a better picture of information content than that of the original orthodox theory. Nathan Salmon is Professor of Philosophy, University of California at Santa Barbara. A Bradford Book.

Probabilistic Knowledge

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Author : Sarah Moss
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2018-02-16

Probabilistic Knowledge written by Sarah Moss and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-02-16 with Philosophy categories.

Traditional philosophical discussions of knowledge have focused on the epistemic status of full beliefs. Sarah Moss argues that in addition to full beliefs, credences can constitute knowledge. For instance, your 0.4 credence that it is raining outside can constitute knowledge, in just the same way that your full beliefs can. In addition, you can know that it might be raining, and that if it is raining then it is probably cloudy, where this knowledge is not knowledge of propositions, but of probabilistic contents. The notion of probabilistic content introduced in this book plays a central role not only in epistemology, but in the philosophy of mind and language as well. Just as tradition holds that you believe and assert propositions, you can believe and assert probabilistic contents. Accepting that we can believe, assert, and know probabilistic contents has significant consequences for many philosophical debates, including debates about the relationship between full belief and credence, the semantics of epistemic modals and conditionals, the contents of perceptual experience, peer disagreement, pragmatic encroachment, perceptual dogmatism, and transformative experience. In addition, accepting probabilistic knowledge can help us discredit negative evaluations of female speech, explain why merely statistical evidence is insufficient for legal proof, and identify epistemic norms violated by acts of racial profiling. Hence the central theses of this book not only help us better understand the nature of our own mental states, but also help us better understand the nature of our responsibilities to each other.

Expressing Our Attitudes

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Author : Mark Andrew Schroeder
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2015-08-27

Expressing Our Attitudes written by Mark Andrew Schroeder and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-08-27 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

When the logical positivists espoused emotivism as a theory of moral discourse, they assumed that their general theories of meaning could be straightforwardly applied to the subject of metaethics. The philosophical research program of expressivism, emotivism's contemporary heir, has called this assumption into question. In this volume Mark Schroeder argues that the only plausible ways of developing expressivism or similar views require us to re-think what we may have thought that we knew about propositions, truth, and the nature of attitudes like belief and desire. Informed by detailed scrutiny of the structural problems about understanding complex thoughts, he develops a range of alternative expressivist frameworks in detail as illustrations of general lessons, and applies them not just to metaethics, but to epistemic expressions and even to truth itself. Expressing Our Attitudes pulls together over a decade of work by one of the leading figures in contemporary metaethics. Two new and seven previously published papers weave treatments of propositions, truth, and the attitudes together with detailed development of competing alternative expressivist frameworks and discussion of their relative advantages. A substantial new introduction both offers new arguments of its own, and provides a map to reading these essays as a unified argument. Along with its sister volume, Explaining the Reasons We Share, this volume advances the theme that metaethical inquiry is continuous with other areas of philosophy.

Degrees Of Belief

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Author : Franz Huber
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2008-12-21

Degrees Of Belief written by Franz Huber and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-12-21 with Philosophy categories.

This anthology is the first book to give a balanced overview of the competing theories of degrees of belief. It also explicitly relates these debates to more traditional concerns of the philosophy of language and mind and epistemic logic.

Meaning Without Representation

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Author : Steven Gross
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2015

Meaning Without Representation written by Steven Gross and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

Challenges the idea that representation of how the world is should play a fundamental explanatory role in any explanation of language. Examines deflationary accounts of truth, the role of language in expressing mental states, and the normative and the natural as they relate to issues of representation.