The Physics Of Foraging
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The Physics Of Foraging
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Author : Gandhimohan. M. Viswanathan
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2011-06-02
The Physics Of Foraging written by Gandhimohan. M. Viswanathan and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-06-02 with Science categories.
Do the movements of animals, including humans, follow patterns that can be described quantitatively by simple laws of motion? If so, then why? These questions have attracted the attention of scientists in many disciplines, and stimulated debates ranging from ecological matters to queries such as 'how can there be free will if one follows a law of motion?' This is the first book on this rapidly evolving subject, introducing random searches and foraging in a way that can be understood by readers without a previous background on the subject. It reviews theory as well as experiment, addresses open problems and perspectives, and discusses applications ranging from the colonization of Madagascar by Austronesians to the diffusion of genetically modified crops. The book will interest physicists working in the field of anomalous diffusion and movement ecology as well as ecologists already familiar with the concepts and methods of statistical physics.
The Physics Of Foraging
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Author : Gandhimohan. M. Viswanathan
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2011-06-02
The Physics Of Foraging written by Gandhimohan. M. Viswanathan and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-06-02 with Science categories.
Do the movements of animals, including humans, follow patterns that can be described quantitatively by simple laws of motion? If so, then why? These questions have attracted the attention of scientists in many disciplines, and stimulated debates ranging from ecological matters to queries such as 'how can there be free will if one follows a law of motion?' This is the first book on this rapidly evolving subject, introducing random searches and foraging in a way that can be understood by readers without a previous background on the subject. It reviews theory as well as experiment, addresses open problems and perspectives, and discusses applications ranging from the colonization of Madagascar by Austronesians to the diffusion of genetically modified crops. The book will interest physicists working in the field of anomalous diffusion and movement ecology as well as ecologists already familiar with the concepts and methods of statistical physics.
The Physics Of Foraging
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
The Physics Of Foraging written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Animal behavior categories.
Do the movements of animals, including humans, follow patterns that can be described quantitatively by simple laws of motion? If so, then why? These questions have attracted the attention of scientists in many disciplines, and stimulated debates ranging from ecological matters to queries such as 'how can there be free will if one follows a law of motion?' This is the first book on this rapidly evolving subject, introducing random searches and foraging in a way that can be understood by readers without a previous background on the subject. It reviews theory as well as experiment, addresses open problems and perspectives, and discusses applications ranging from the colonization of Madagascar by Austronesians to the diffusion of genetically modified crops. The book will interest physicists working in the field of anomalous diffusion and movement ecology as well as ecologists already familiar with the concepts and methods of statistical physics"
Foraging Theory
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Author : David W. Stephens
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2019-12-31
Foraging Theory written by David W. Stephens and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-12-31 with Science categories.
This account of the current state of foraging theory is also a valuable description of the use of optimality theory in behavioral ecology in general. Organizing and introducing the main research themes in economic analyses of animal feeding behavior, the authors analyze the empirical evidence bearing on foraging models and answer criticisms of optimality modeling. They explain the rationale for applying optimality models to the strategies and mechanics of foraging and present the basic "average-rate maximizing" models and their extensions. The work discusses new directions in foraging research: incorporating incomplete information and risk-sensitive behavior in foraging models; analyzing trade-offs, such as nutrient requirements and the threat of being eaten while foraging; formulating dynamic models; and building constrained optimization models that assume that foragers can use only simple "rules of thumb." As an analysis of these and earlier research developments and as a contribution to debates about the role of theory in evolutionary biology. Foraging Theory will appeal to a wide range of readers, from students to research professionals, in behavioral ecology, population and community ecology, animal behavior, and animal psychology, and especially to those planning empirical tests of foraging models.
Social Foraging Theory
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Author : Luc-Alain Giraldeau
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2018-06-05
Social Foraging Theory written by Luc-Alain Giraldeau and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-06-05 with Science categories.
Although there is extensive literature in the field of behavioral ecology that attempts to explain foraging of individuals, social foraging--the ways in which animals search and compete for food in groups--has been relatively neglected. This book redresses that situation by providing both a synthesis of the existing literature and a new theory of social foraging. Giraldeau and Caraco develop models informed by game theory that offer a new framework for analysis. Social Foraging Theory contains the most comprehensive theoretical approach to its subject, coupled with quantitative methods that will underpin future work in the field. The new models and approaches that are outlined here will encourage new research directions and applications. To date, the analysis of social foraging has lacked unifying themes, clear recognition of the problems inherent in the study of social foraging, and consistent interaction between theory and experiments. This book identifies social foraging as an economic interaction between the actions of individuals and those of other foragers. This interdependence raises complex questions about the size of foraging groups, the diversity of resources used, and the propensity of group members to exploit each other or forage cooperatively. The models developed in the book will allow researchers to test their own approaches and predictions. Many years in development, Social Foraging Theory will interest researchers and graduate students in such areas as behavioral ecology, population ecology, evolutionary biology, and wildlife management.
Foraging Behavior
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Author : A.C. Kamil
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Foraging Behavior written by A.C. Kamil and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
Foraging behavior has always been a central concern of ecology. Understanding what animals eat is clearly an essential component of under standing many ecological issues including energy flow, competition and adaptation. Theoretical and empirical developments in the late 1960's and 1970's led to a new emphasis in the study of foraging behavior, the study of individual animals in both field and laboratory. This development, in turn, led to an explosion of interest in foraging. Part of the reason for this explosion is that when foraging is studied at the individual level, it is relevant to many disciplines. Behaviorists, including ethologists and psychologists, are interested in any attempt to understand behavior. Ecologists know that a better understanding of foraging will contribute to resolving a number of important ecological issues. Anthropologists and others are applying the ideas coming out of the study of foraging behavior to problems within their disciplines. These developments led to a multidisciplinary symposium on foraging behavior, held as part of the 1978 Animal Behavior Society meetings in Seattle, Washington. Many ecologists, ethologists and psychologists participated or attended. The symposium was very successful. generating a high level of excitement. As a result, the participants decided to publish the proceedings of the symposium (Kami1 & Sargent 1981).
Foraging Behavior
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Author : A. C. Kamil
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1987-05-01
Foraging Behavior written by A. C. Kamil and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987-05-01 with categories.
The Role Of Stochastic Resonance And Physical Constraints In The Evolution Of Foraging Strategy
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Author : Nathan Daniel Dees
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
The Role Of Stochastic Resonance And Physical Constraints In The Evolution Of Foraging Strategy written by Nathan Daniel Dees and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Decision making categories.
"This work represents a detailed study of the optimization of this process: foraging within a single, finite food patch for a limited amount of time. The work is an example of the computational algorithms of statistical physics being applied to the ecological field of foraging behavior. The analysis begins with an examination of the probability distributions observed in the movement parameters of the zooplankton, Daphnia. While foraging, these small aquatic organisms stochastically choose movement parameters with particular levels of variation, or noise, which are similar across several species. Here, related simulations consistently show that these noise levels may be adjusted to maximize foraging efficiency, regardless of the physical constraints imposed in the models. The results are presented as an example of natural stochastic resonance, in which some function of noise (in this case, the variability in parameter choices), when adapted to a biological process (e.g., the gathering of food), can optimize that process. The architect of this optimization is suggested to be natural selection, a hypothesis further explored with a novel evolutionary algorithm which transforms uniform and uncorrelated parameter distributions into "optimal" forms over thousands of generations of competition amongst foraging agents. The results of the algorithm support the implication that the noise levels are evolved quantities, and also reinforce the hypothesis that stochastic resonance may have a role in their evolution. And lastly, the evolutionary algorithm was extended to larger aquatic organisms feeding in patches through the addition of the Reynolds number as a physical constraint. The results of the modified algorithm clearly differentiate between the trajectories predicted for smaller and larger animals, and match very well with the experimental data reported here for both the Daphnia, and also for a larger fish species, the paddlefish. Since both organisms filter-feed inside finite patches of food, albeit on different scales, the results clearly show the degree to which the physical constraints imposed upon an animal can dictate the evolution of their behavior"--Abstract, leaf iii.
From Microbes In Motion To Pumas In Pursuit Of Prey
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Author : Ritwika VPS
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
From Microbes In Motion To Pumas In Pursuit Of Prey written by Ritwika VPS and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
While foraging phenomena have historically been a focus of ecology, they can be described as search processes carried out by one or multiple agents in a landscape characterised by a resource distribution. As a result, tools from statistical physics can be used to study foraging phenomena. The integration of statistical physics as a set of tools to both describe patterns observed in foraging processes and understand the underlying mechanisms that give rise to these patterns has enabled the development of robust theory as well as the expansion of the scope of foraging to include applications in intracellular processes, human cognitive behaviour, and even robotics. Treating foraging processes as undertakings by a single foraging agent in a resource environment has laid the foundation for a significant amount of our understanding of foraging. However, these approaches fail to capture the complexities of real foraging phenomena which arise from the fact that foraging agents do not exist independent of their environment. The logical first order step to rectify this is to consider foraging processes carried out by multiple interacting agents. This dissertation describes complex, emergent phenomena in three different systems resulting from interactions between multiple foraging agents. First, I present a minimal, one-dimensional analytical model that describes emergent pattern formation in a community of phototactic bacteria moving towards a directional light source. During phototaxis---essentially, foraging for light---interactions between individual bacteria result in emergent community-level spatial organisation, leading to the formation of finger-like projections at the propagating front. We developed a one-dimensional analytical model which describes the dynamics of this pattern formation and predicts critical parameters that limit finger formation. This model also predicts the loss of instabilities in mutant phenotypes lacking a key photoreceptor. Second, I present a framework to use foraging theory to investigate the dynamics of vocal interactions between human infants and their adult caregivers. By analysing day-long recordings of infant and caregiver vocalisations in naturalistic settings over the infants' first year, we demonstrated support for the hypothesis that infants and their adult caregivers are foraging in an acoustic space for sounds that have social value. Our findings also provide evidence that vocal interactions between infants and caregivers modify these foraging patterns. Finally, I present a computational model to study the diversity of foraging strategies employed by terrestrial carnivore predators. Mammalian carnivores' foraging strategies include hunting, scavenging, and kleptoparasitism (stealing). However, despite the prevalence of literature on predator-prey systems, the factors that result in the deployment of these strategies and their effects on predator-prey systems are not well understood. In this study, we use an energetics approach to investigate how a focal predator's interactions with potential prey and other predators constrain the use of these strategies. Our results predict the dependence of predator foraging strategy on predator energetics as well as the body sizes of the focal predator, prey, and potential competitors. In particular, our predictions for the boundaries between hunting and alternative foraging strategies (scavenging and stealing) show remarkable agreement with observational data. By employing dimensional reduction, we are also able to accurately describe the phase transition from a state where the focal predator relies predominantly on hunting to a state where the focal predator largely relies on scavenging and stealing.
Urban Foraging In The Changing World
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Author : Shalini Dhyani
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2024-04-14
Urban Foraging In The Changing World written by Shalini Dhyani and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-04-14 with Science categories.
This volume brings together theoretical, experiential, and creative perspectives on the phenomenon of urban foraging. In a rapidly urbanising world, foraging is (re)raining popularity as a way to connect with nature and cope with uncertainty. Authors from various disciplines and geographies make sense of what this means for humanity. Urban foraging represents a multifaceted movement that provides people with avenues for sustenance, socialising, and spirituality. Motivations and implications of urban foraging vary across the socioeconomic spectrum, as do barriers and enablers. Urban foraging can help people adapt to change, and build resilience to shocks, but its spontaneous and unregulated nature makes it attractive to many. Recognising and promoting sustainable urban foraging therefore is a delicate balancing act. This collection discusses the philosophical and practical considerations towards this aim. The book is of interest to researchers, practitioners, entrepreneurs, and creatives, inviting readers to envisage scenarios that are desirable and achievable. It is of special interest to those working in urban and landscape planning, social-ecological systems, non-government organisations, municipal and development corporations, and the environment.