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The Problem Of The Earth S Shape From Newton To Clairaut


The Problem Of The Earth S Shape From Newton To Clairaut
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The Problem Of The Earth S Shape From Newton To Clairaut


The Problem Of The Earth S Shape From Newton To Clairaut
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Author : John L. Greenberg
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 1995-07-28

The Problem Of The Earth S Shape From Newton To Clairaut written by John L. Greenberg and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995-07-28 with Science categories.


This book investigates, through the problem of the earth's shape, part of the development of post-Newtonian mechanics by the Parisian scientific community during the first half of the eighteenth century. In the Principia Newton first raised the question of the earth's shape. John Greenberg shows how continental scholars outside France influenced efforts in Paris to solve the problem, and he also demonstrates that Parisian scholars, including Bouguer and Fontaine, did work that Alexis-Claude Clairaut used in developing his mature theory of the earth's shape. The evolution of Parisian mechanics proved not to be the replacement of a Cartesian paradigm by a Newtonian one, a replacement that might be expected from Thomas Kuhn's formulations about scientific revolutions, but a complex process instead involving many areas of research and contributions of different kinds from the entire scientific world. Greenberg both explores the myriad of technical problems that underlie the historical development of part of post-Newtonian mechanics, which have only been rarely analyzed by Western scholars, and embeds his technical discussion in a framework that involves social and institutional history politics, and biography. Instead of focusing exclusively on the historiographical problem, Greenberg shows as well that international scientific communication was as much a vital part of the scientific progress of individual nations during the first half of the eighteenth century as it is today.



The Life And Work Of James Bradley


The Life And Work Of James Bradley
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Author : John Fisher
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2024-03-08

The Life And Work Of James Bradley written by John Fisher and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-03-08 with Mathematics categories.


"James Bradley once the most celebrated astronomer in Europe is now an obscure figure, surprising given that he was the first to establish empirically that the Earth was a planet in motion around the Sun. Introduced to the science of positional astronomy by his uncle James Pound, he excelled in his abilities to make precise observations. Mentored by Edmond Halley, he observed Jupiter and its satellites, identifying the gravitational resonances of the three innermost Galilean satellites, before being proposed to the fellowship of the Royal Society by Halley with the approval of Newton. Elected to the Savilian Chair in Astronomy at Oxford he joined Samuel Molyneux and George Graham in the attempt to observe annual parallax at Kew, based on the attempt of Robert Hooke. This experiment revealed a counter-intuitive motion of the object star that defied all attempts at the resolution of the problem. He designed a research programme at Wanstead, when he studied the motions of 70 stars identifying a new discovered motion, later called the aberration of light. Recognising another motion within the residuals of his observations, he identified it as a nutation of the Earth's axis. He taught experimental philosophy at Oxford for 31 years. His final work as Astronomer Royal was a stellar survey of unprecedented dependability taking note of every possible cause of error, later reduced by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel in his Fundamenta Astronomiæ, producing a stellar catalogue of 3,222 stars"--



The Cambridge History Of Science Volume 6 The Modern Biological And Earth Sciences


The Cambridge History Of Science Volume 6 The Modern Biological And Earth Sciences
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Author : David C. Lindberg
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2003

The Cambridge History Of Science Volume 6 The Modern Biological And Earth Sciences written by David C. Lindberg and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with History categories.


This book in the highly respected Cambridge History of Science series is devoted to the history of the life and earth sciences since 1800. It provides comprehensive and authoritative surveys of historical thinking on major developments in these areas of science, on the social and cultural milieus in which the knowledge was generated, and on the wider impact of the major theoretical and practical innovations. The articles are written by acknowledged experts who provide concise accounts of the latest historical thinking coupled with guides to the most important recent literature. In addition to histories of traditional sciences, the book covers the emergence of newer disciplines such as genetics, biochemistry and geophysics. The interaction of scientific techniques with their practical applications in areas such as medicine is a major focus of the book, as is its coverage of controversial areas such as science and religion, and environmentalism.



Dynamics Of The Earth


Dynamics Of The Earth
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Author : V. I. Ferronsky
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2010-06-28

Dynamics Of The Earth written by V. I. Ferronsky and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-06-28 with Science categories.


In their search for solutions to problems concerning the dynamics of the Earth as a self-gravitating body, the authors have applied the fundamentals found in their book “Jacobi Dynamics” (1987, Reidel). First, satellite observations have shown that the Earth does not remain in hydrostatic equilibrium, which forms the physical basis of modern geodynamics. Secondly, satellite data have established a relationship between the planet’s polar moment of inertia and the potential of the Earth’s outer force field, which proves the most basic point of Jacobi dynamics. This allowed the authors to revise their derivation of the classical virial theorem, introducing the concept of a volumetric force and volumetric moment, and so to obtain a generalized virial theorem in the form of Jacobi’s equation. The main dynamical effects are: the kinetic energy of oscillation of the interacting particles, which explains the physical meaning and nature of gravitational forces; separation of shells of a self-gravitating body with respect to its mass density; differences in angular velocities of the shell’s rotation; continuity in variance of the potential of the outer gravitational force field, together with reductions in the envelope of the interacting masses (volumetric center of gravity); the nature of Earth, Moon and satellite precession; the nature and generating mechanism of the planet’s electromagnetic field; the common nature of gravitational and electromagnetic energy, and other related issues. The work is a logical continuation of the book "Jacobi Dynamics" and is intended for researchers, teachers and students engaged in theoretical and experimental research in various branches of astronomy, geophysics, planetology and cosmogony, and for students of celestial, statistical, quantum and relativistic mechanics and hydrodynamics.



Sciences Of The Earth


Sciences Of The Earth
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Author : Gregory A. Good
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2019-10-18

Sciences Of The Earth written by Gregory A. Good and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-10-18 with History categories.


The planet as seen by its inhabitantsIn two millenia, our knowledge of the planet and its natural laws and forces has undergone remarkable changes--from the religious belief of earth as the center of the universe to the modern astronomers' view that it is a mere speck in the cosmos. Now a first-of-its-kind reference work charts this remarkable intellectual progression in our evolving perception of the earth by surveying the history of geology, geography, geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, space science, and many other fields. Covers human understanding of the Earth in varioustimes and cultures The Encyclopedia traces our understanding of the earth and its functioning throughout history, summarizing historical explanations of earthly occurrences, including explanations with no scientific basis. It presents the latest facts and theories, explains how our understanding of the earth has evolved, and shows why many outrageous and fanciful earlier ideas were accepted in their time. The coverage explores the physical phenomena that inform our knowledge, starting at the earth's core and extending outward through the mantle, crust, oceans, and atmosphere to the magnetosphere and beyond. Charts the evolutionof our perceptions The primary focus of the Encyclopedia is the history of the study of the earth. It also discusses the institutions that advanced and shaped science and probes the interplay between science, practical applications, and social and political forces. The result is a unified historical overview of the earth across a wide canvas of time and place, from antiquity to the space age. Its wide-ranging articles summarize subjects as diverse as geography and imperialism, environmentalism, computers and meteorology, ozone formation theories since 1800, scientific rocketry, the Scopes trial, and much more. SpecialFeatures Shows how diverse disciplines, from geology to space science, fit together in a coherent view of the earth * Explains earlier ideas and theories in the context of the beliefs and scientific knowledge of their time * Spotlights important institutions that have shaped the history of science * Explores relationships between science, practical applications, and sociopolitical concerns * Provides a subject index and an index of scientists with birth/death dates



Formation Of The Solar System


Formation Of The Solar System
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Author : V.I. Ferronsky
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-02-11

Formation Of The Solar System written by V.I. Ferronsky and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-02-11 with Science categories.


Analysis of the orbital motion of the Earth, the Moon and other planets and their satellites led to the discovery that all bodies in the Solar System are moving with the first cosmic velocity of their proto parents. The mean orbital velocity of each planet is equal to the first cosmic velocity of the Protosun, the radius of which is equal to the semi-major axis of the planet’s orbit. The same applies for the planets’ satellites. All the small planets, comets, other bodies and the Sun itself follow this law, a finding that has also been proven by astronomical observations. The theoretical solutions based on the Jacobi dynamics explain the process of the system creation and decay, as well as the nature of Kepler’s laws.



Thomas Reid On Mathematics And Natural Philosophy


Thomas Reid On Mathematics And Natural Philosophy
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Author : Thomas Reid
language : en
Publisher: Edinburgh University Press
Release Date : 2017-07-28

Thomas Reid On Mathematics And Natural Philosophy written by Thomas Reid and has been published by Edinburgh University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-28 with Philosophy categories.


Reconstructs Reid's career as a mathematician and natural philosopher for the first time



The Main Business Of Natural Philosophy


 The Main Business Of Natural Philosophy
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Author : Steffen Ducheyne
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2011-10-20

The Main Business Of Natural Philosophy written by Steffen Ducheyne and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-10-20 with History categories.


In this monograph, Steffen Ducheyne provides a historically detailed and systematically rich explication of Newton’s methodology. Throughout the pages of this book, it will be shown that Newton developed a complex natural-philosophical methodology which encompasses procedures to minimize inductive risk during the process of theory formation and which, thereby, surpasses a standard hypothetico-deductive methodological setting. Accordingly, it will be highlighted that the so-called ‘Newtonian Revolution’ was not restricted to the empirical and theoretical dimensions of science, but applied equally to the methodological dimension of science. Furthermore, it will be documented that Newton’s methodology was far from static and that it developed alongside with his scientific work. Attention will be paid not only to the successes of Newton’s innovative methodology, but equally to its tensions and limitations. Based on a thorough study of Newton’s extant manuscripts, this monograph will address and contextualize, inter alia, Newton’s causal realism, his views on action at a distance and space and time, the status of efficient causation in the /Principia/, the different phases of his methodology, his treatment of force and the constituents of the physico-mathematical models in the context of Book I of the /Principia/, the analytic part of the argument for universal gravitation, the meaning and significance of his regulae philosophandi, the methodological differences between his mechanical and optical work, and, finally, the interplay between Newton’s theology and his natural philosophy.



Encyclopedia Of The Enlightenment


Encyclopedia Of The Enlightenment
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Author : Michel Delon
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2013-12-04

Encyclopedia Of The Enlightenment written by Michel Delon and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-12-04 with History categories.


This acclaimed translation of Michel Delon's Dictionnaire Europen des Lumires contains more than 350 signed entries covering the art, economics, science, history, philosophy, and religion of the Enlightenment. Delon's team of more than 200 experts from around the world offers a unique perspective on the period, providing offering not only factual information but also critical opinions that give the reader a deeper level of understanding. An international team of translators, editors, and advisers, under the auspices of the French Ministry of Culture, has brought this collection of scholarship to the English-speaking world for the first time.



Flat Earth


Flat Earth
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Author : Christine Garwood
language : en
Publisher: Macmillan + ORM
Release Date : 2008-08-05

Flat Earth written by Christine Garwood and has been published by Macmillan + ORM this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-08-05 with History categories.


Contrary to popular belief fostered in countless school classrooms the world over, Christopher Columbus did not discover that the earth was round. The idea of a spherical world had been widely accepted in educated circles from as early as the fourth century B.C. Yet, bizarrely, it was not until the supposedly more rational nineteenth century that the notion of a flat earth really took hold. Even more bizarrely, it persists to this day, despite Apollo missions and widely publicized pictures of the decidedly spherical Earth from space. Based on a range of original sources, Garwood's history of flat-Earth beliefs---from the Babylonians to the present day---raises issues central to the history and philosophy of science, its relationship to religion and the making of human knowledge about the natural world. Flat Earth is the first definitive study of one of history's most notorious and persistent ideas, and it evokes all the intellectual, philosophical, and spiritual turmoil of the modern age. Ranging from ancient Greece, through Victorian England, to modern-day America, this is a story that encompasses religion, science, and pseudoscience, as well as a spectacular array of people and places. Where else could eccentric aristocrats, fundamentalist preachers, and conspiracy theorists appear alongside Copernicus, Newton, and NASA, except in an account of such a legendary misconception? Thoroughly enjoyable and illuminating, Flat Earth is social and intellectual history at its best.