The Relative Commercial Orientation Of Smallholder Farmers In Nigeria Household And Crop Value Chain Analyses
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The Relative Commercial Orientation Of Smallholder Farmers In Nigeria Household And Crop Value Chain Analyses
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Author : Benson, Todd
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2020-11-25
The Relative Commercial Orientation Of Smallholder Farmers In Nigeria Household And Crop Value Chain Analyses written by Benson, Todd and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-11-25 with Political Science categories.
Increasing the productivity of commercially oriented smallholder farming households in Nigeria results in greater incomes for their households, which, in turn, can drive an expansion in local nonfarm employment opportunities and raise incomes across rural communities. Appropriately targeting agricultural development efforts towards commercially oriented farming households has important second-round development benefits for rural economies. We use nationally representative data from the Nigeria General Household Survey Panel to examine the characteristics of households and their context that determine their level of commercial orientation in 2015/16. We then use the same dataset for crop-specific analyses of the factors associated with a household choosing to produce a specific crop, to sell any of their harvest of that crop, and, if they sold any of the crop, whether they sold more than half of their harvest. Twelve crops are examined. We find that the commercial orientation of most smallholder farming households in Nigeria is not strong. One-third reported not making any crop sales, relying instead on household enterprises or wage employment to meet their cash needs. Another one-third reported selling less than one-third of the crops they harvested by value. For these households, any crop sales made seem to reflect the limited other options they have to obtain cash, rather than being part of a strategy of commercial production. A subsistence orientation still drives most crop production by smallholder farming households in Nigeria. The crop-specific analyses confirm that crop sales for many households are driven to an important degree by their lack of other income sources, rather than by actively seeking to produce significant commercial surpluses of a crop. That this is the case reflects a range of deficiencies in the production and marketing of many of the crops. Improved crop production technologies are not commonly used, may not be readily available, or, if available, may prove challenging to employ profitably. Nigerian crop markets remain risky with no assurances that farmers will find buyers offering remunerative prices when they bring their produce to the market to sell. Continued investments to increase crop productivity and to improve the performance and reliability of crop value chains are needed if commercial considerations are increasingly to drive the crop choices of smallholder farming households, to provide incentives for higher crop productivity, and, through the increased crop income of commercially oriented farming households, to motivate expansion in local non-farm sectors and to raise incomes for all households in rural Nigerian communities.
Are The Drivers Of Production And Sales Of Maize Groundnut And Soyabean By Farming Households In Malawi Changing Analysis Of Recent Household Surveys
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Author : Jolex, Aubrey
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2021-11-03
Are The Drivers Of Production And Sales Of Maize Groundnut And Soyabean By Farming Households In Malawi Changing Analysis Of Recent Household Surveys written by Jolex, Aubrey and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-11-03 with Political Science categories.
By directing increasing shares of their farm production to the market and, thereby, realizing greater incomes, farming households can accelerate local rural economic development. In this study, we examine household and spatial factors that may drive smallholder farming households in Malawi to produce and sell maize, groundnut, and soyabean. Two cross-sectional analyses are done using household level data from rounds of the Malawi Integrated Household Survey (IHS). First, using data for farming households from the fifth IHS (2019/20) in a series of weighted logistical models, we examine which of a set of household and spatial level factors are associated with a household producing each of the three crops. For maize and groundnut, we extend the analysis by similarly identifying the factors associated with whether a producing household sells any of their maize or groundnut, and if, they do, whether they sell more than half of their harvest. The second analysis consists of replicating the logistical models for production and sales using household data from the fourth IHS (2016/17) and comparing those results to the results obtained from the fifth IHS. This is done to identify whether any drivers of the production and sale of the three crops are changing over time. Overall, only a few factors are consistently associated with a farming household choosing to produce a particular crop or to sell part of their production of the crop. We also see limited changes between 2016/17 and 2019/20 in the drivers of the production and sale of these crops. However, the strength of the positive associations between landholding size and the commercial production of the three crops intensified between the two surveys. This suggests that as landholdings become smaller with continuing population growth, commercial production will increasingly be limited to those households with the largest landholdings. Government and other stakeholders in rural economic development can consider the evidence from these analyses in developing strategies to foster greater diversity in employment in rural economies across Malawi away from agriculture, while nonetheless promoting increased production by those smallholders in a position to participate profitably in the value chains for these crops.
Policy Induced Market Distortions Along Agricultural Value Chains Evidence From Ethiopia And Nigeria
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Author : Allen, Summer L.
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2021-05-20
Policy Induced Market Distortions Along Agricultural Value Chains Evidence From Ethiopia And Nigeria written by Allen, Summer L. and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-05-20 with Political Science categories.
The performance of agrifood value chains of vital importance for smallholder farmers in developing countries. Measuring and understanding how government policies, such taxes, subsidies, minimum support prices, and government procurement, impact particular value chains is essential to minimize unintended consequences for value chain actors. This analysis of distortions in value chains in Ethiopia (sheep and goats) and Nigeria (cacao and palm oil) uses nominal rates of protection (NRPs) to measure the impact of policies on domestic prices for producers and consumers. Using the NRP methodology is effective for highlighting the significant impact of agricultural policies on prices from the local to the country level and along entire agrifood value chains.
Commercialization Of Smallholders
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Author : Berhanu Gebremedhin
language : en
Publisher: ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD)
Release Date : 2010-01-01
Commercialization Of Smallholders written by Berhanu Gebremedhin and has been published by ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-01-01 with categories.
The literature on commercial transformation of smallholders makes little distinction between market orientation (production decision based on market signals) and market participation (sale of output). This paper analyzes the determinants of market orientation and market participation in Ethiopia separately and examines if market orientation translates into market participation. Empirical results show that market orientation translates strongly into market participation. The key implication of this study is that policy, technological, organizational and institutional interventions aimed at promoting commercial transformation of subsistence agriculture should follow two-pronged approach: improving market orientation of smallholders at production level, and facilitating market entry and participation of households in output and input markets. Focusing on either may not be as effective in achieving the transformation.
Promoting Participation In Oilseed Value Chains In Malawi Who And Where To Target
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Author : Benson, Todd
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2020-10-27
Promoting Participation In Oilseed Value Chains In Malawi Who And Where To Target written by Benson, Todd and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-10-27 with Political Science categories.
By increasing their production for the market and realizing greater incomes, smallholder farming households can significantly accelerate local agricultural and rural economic development. The increased income of these commercially oriented farmers increases their demand for the goods, services, and labor that can be supplied by other, often poorer, households in their community, expanding local non-farm employment opportunities and raising incomes for those other households. Appropriately targeting agricultural development efforts towards commercially oriented farming households has important second-round economic development benefits in their communities, effects which cannot be achieved without properly identifying such households. In this Policy Note, we examine both household and spatial factors that may drive participation by smallholder farming households in oilseed value chains, focusing on those for groundnut, soyabean, and sunflower. Groundnut has been an important secondary crop within many smallholder farming systems across Malawi for several generations, used both for own consumption within the household and for sale. Soyabean and sunflower are more recent introductions and are primarily grown for commercial sale by both smallholders and commercial farmers. Annual production and yield levels for these crops in recent years are shown in Table 1.
Farming Systems And Poverty
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Author : John A. Dixon
language : en
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
Release Date : 2001
Farming Systems And Poverty written by John A. Dixon and has been published by Food & Agriculture Org. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with Business & Economics categories.
A joint FAO and World Bank study which shows how the farming systems approach can be used to identify priorities for the reduction of hunger and poverty in the main farming systems of the six major developing regions of the world.
Identifying Farm Typologies In Rwandan Agriculture A Framework For Improving Targeted Interventions
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Author : Benimana, Gilberthe
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2024-05-13
Identifying Farm Typologies In Rwandan Agriculture A Framework For Improving Targeted Interventions written by Benimana, Gilberthe and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-05-13 with Political Science categories.
This paper explores the broad spectrum of commercial engagement by Rwandan farmers by grouping farmers according to characteristics of the head of household, the degree of commercialization of their farms, size of livestock holdings and other factors. We use statistical methodologies, including factor and cluster analysis, combined with existing knowledge of the agricultural sector to define five types of Rwandan farmers, separated into two broad groups. The first group (Group A) includes three types broadly classified as less wealthy, less commercialized, with a net negative gross margin. Within this group the three types of farmers include: Type 1—Less commercialized older male headed households with larger families, Type 2—Better educated, youth headed households, who are more market oriented but have smaller land holdings, Type 3—Older female headed households who produce relatively lower agricultural production value relative to their assets owned. The second group (Group B) comprises two types of farmers. This group are wealthier, sell more crops with positive gross margins and larger landholdings. More specifically, farm type 4 is commercialized with higher access to agricultural extension services and inputs and farm type 5, also highly commercialized, but has significant livestock holdings as well. Taken together, these two groups, and five farm types, provide a framework to aid in understanding how commercialization takes place in smallholder Rwandan agriculture. This framework may also help in understanding how potential interventions would be received by various types of Rwanda farmers, thereby facilitating more efficient targeting of agricultural interventions.
Mismatch Between Soil Nutrient Requirements And Fertilizer Applications Implications For Yield Responses In Ethiopia
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Author : Abay, Kibrom A.
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2021-06-28
Mismatch Between Soil Nutrient Requirements And Fertilizer Applications Implications For Yield Responses In Ethiopia written by Abay, Kibrom A. and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-06-28 with Political Science categories.
Lack of accurate information about soil nutrient requirements coupled with limited access to appropriate fertilizers could lead to mismatch between soil nutrient requirements and fertilizer applications. Such anomalies and mismatches are likely to have important implications for agricultural productivity. In this paper we use experimental (spectral soil analysis) data from Ethiopia to examine farmers’ response to soil nutrient deficiencies and its implications for yield responses. We find that farmers’ response to macronutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) deficiencies is not always consistent with agronomic recommendations. For instance, we find that farmers in our sample are applying nitrogen fertilizers to soils lacking phosphorus, potentially due to lack of information on soil nutrient deficiencies or lack of access to appropriate fertilizers in rural markets. On the other hand, farmers respond to perceivably poor-quality soils and acidic soils by applying higher amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers per unit of land. We further show that such mismatches between fertilizer applications and soil macronutrient requirements are potentially yield-reducing. Those farmers matching their soil nutrient requirements and fertilizer application are likely to enjoy additional yield gains and the vice versa. Marginal yield responses associated with nitrogen (phosphorus) application increases with soil nitrogen (phosphorus) deficiency. Similarly, we find that farmers’ response to acidic soils is not yield-enhancing. These findings suggest that such mismatches may explain heterogeneities in marginal returns to chemical fertilizers and the observed low adoption rates of chemical fertilizers in sub-Saharan Africa. As such, these findings have important implications for improving input management practices and fertilizer diffusion strategies.
Targeting Vulnerability Hotspots Along The Agrifood System
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Author : Letta, M.
language : en
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org. [Author] [Author]
Release Date : 2024-05-29
Targeting Vulnerability Hotspots Along The Agrifood System written by Letta, M. and has been published by Food & Agriculture Org. [Author] [Author] this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-05-29 with Technology & Engineering categories.
We leverage the multi-stressor nature of the COVID-19 generalized disruption as an opportunity to test the out-of-sample forecasting accuracy of both theory-based and data-driven vulnerability prediction models for the ex ante targeting of preventive interventions. [Author] Taking advantage of the World Bank multitopic surveys for Ethiopia and Nigeria, the two most populous African countries, our retrospective evaluation assesses the models’ ability to anticipate households and agrifood system actors experiencing food insecurity and income losses during the COVID-19 pandemic. [Author] The results are disappointing: we document that, despite considerable heterogeneity across data and methods, both models do not achieve satisfactory out-of-sample forecasting performances. [Author] Our findings are robust to the use of different data, estimation methods, and several heterogeneity analyses and sensitivity checks. [Author] This evidence calls for a refinement of current profiling methodologies and for interoperability efforts to close existing microdata gaps. [Author] Such efforts would enable policymakers to implement more effective early-warning systems of vulnerability hotspots and improve the cost-effectiveness of development interventions aimed at targeting groups vulnerable to future food crises. [Author]
Value Chain Analysis Of Local Rice Oryza Glaberrima Production In Ebonyi State Nigeria
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Author : Udeme Usanga
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2023-08-21
Value Chain Analysis Of Local Rice Oryza Glaberrima Production In Ebonyi State Nigeria written by Udeme Usanga and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-08-21 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Seminar paper from the year 2019 in the subject Agrarian Studies, grade: Conference Research Paper, National Open University of Nigeria (National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike), course: Agricultural Production Economics, language: English, abstract: This study examined local rice production and value addition in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Data were purposely collected from Ishiagu and Abakiliki from 144 rice value chain actors. It was found that wholesalers enjoy the largest share of the marketing margin, where at cross boundary markets, the wholesalers’ profit goes as higher as N76.0/kg as compared to N39.5/kg, received by local farmers, showing unequal distribution of benefits among the local rice value chain actors, where reward to traders is extremely higher than that of producers. The profitability analysis shows a net return of N4, 085 with a BCR of 1.14:1, meaning that local rice production is viable and profitable in the area. Two separate multiple regression analysis, using the double-log regression as the lead equation for the producers (farmers) gave R2 of 0.923 and F-Ratio of 51.031, being an indication that 92.3% of the variation in the rice output was explained by the explanatory variables, while 7.70% was accounted-for due to error term (ei) and uncaptured variables. For the secondary value chain actors (transporters, millers, wholesalers and retailers), the exponential function gave R2 of 0.782 and F-Ratio of 38.104, being an indication that 78.2% of the variation in the rice output was explained by the explanatory variables (socio-economic characteristics) while 21.8% was accounted-for due to stochastic error term (ei) and uncaptured variables. The study recommended improvement of effectiveness in cooperative membership to attract finance for rice production, inputs and value addition, purchase of machines for processing and packaging, transportation and marketing. Furthermore, lack of adequate agricultural infrastructure and market information systems was observed to be critical areas of policy concerns. Policies for microcredit institutions on provision of credits to local rice farmers are also recommended to improve rice productivity by capacitating smallholder farmers to use modern agricultural machinery.