The Role Of Data For Digital Markets Contestability
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The Role Of Data For Digital Markets Contestability
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Author : Jan Krämer
language : en
Publisher: Centre on Regulation in Europe asbl (CERRE)
Release Date : 2020-09-09
The Role Of Data For Digital Markets Contestability written by Jan Krämer and has been published by Centre on Regulation in Europe asbl (CERRE) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-09-09 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This report analyses the processes that turn data into economic value for online search, e-commerce and media platforms. It concludes that forcing data sharing through policy intervention would not prevent dominant incumbents to continue to benefit economically from greater access to data over new entrants. Instead, policy makers should focus on enabling niche entry, niche growth and a level playing field for competitors in new and emerging markets. Data play a central role in the business models that shape competition and innovation in digital markets. As dominant providers of online services collect ever more user data they generate data-driven network effects. They can then improve their services faster, and venture faster into related markets than competitors with less data, thereby raising entry barriers for innovative start-ups. The authors, Sally Broughton Micova (CERRE & University of East Anglia), Jan Krämer (CERRE & University of Passau) and Daniel Schnurr (University of Passau), have analysed processes that transform data into economic value for online search, e-commerce and media platforms. They find that in each case, more data, especially on user behaviour, gradually improves the quality of the service, thereby generating high economic benefits for the firm. The authors find that data-driven network effects can nevertheless be a source of efficiency which can ultimately benefit consumers. Even if some data is shared through policy intervention, dominant incumbents will continue to benefit economically and competitively from greater access to data over new entrants. “We conclude that it is neither realistic nor desirable to try to break data-driven network effects through policy intervention. Instead, we would strongly encourage policy makers to focus on enabling niche entry and niche growth. To do so, they should facilitate the sharing of behavioural user data gathered by the dominant firm with other firms.” The authors provide policy recommendations for data access remedies to safeguard competition, innovation and the openness of the digital ecosystem: 1. Remedies that achieve a more level playing field in the digital economy by breaking the data-driven network effects of data-rich incumbents should be entertained as a last resort and only under specific conditions. 2. Policy makers should foster data sharing on two levels to strike a balance between consumers’ privacy, competition and innovation. They should require the sharing of aggregated and anonymised raw user data in bulk, after a careful review and on a case-by-case basis. They should also facilitate the sharing of detailed raw user data through improved data portability, based on individual users’ consent. Bulk sharing of raw user data should be limited to data that was collected as a by-product of the incumbent’s dominant user-facing service, such as search logs, in order to maintain incentives for innovation and data collection. The main challenge will be to balance privacy concerns with maintaining enough detailed data to ensure it is of value to third-parties. 3. Dominant firms should also be obliged to allow consumers to port their raw data to another provider continuously and in real time. Privacy concerns can then be overcome and the shared user profiles can be more detailed than under bulk sharing. In concert with bulk-sharing, data portability can be a valuable source for attaining both detailed and representative data sets.
Competition Data And Privacy In The Digital Economy
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Author : Maria Wasastjerna
language : en
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
Release Date : 2020-07-16
Competition Data And Privacy In The Digital Economy written by Maria Wasastjerna and has been published by Kluwer Law International B.V. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07-16 with Law categories.
Increasingly, we conduct our lives online, and in doing so, we grant access to our personal information. The crucial feedstock of the world economy thus generated - the commercialization and exploitation of personal data and the intrusion of digital privacy it entails - has built an imposing edifice of market power. As we enter the third decade of the 21st century, this detailed exploration of the interlinkage between competition and data privacy takes a critical look at competition policy to evaluate whether the system in its current form and with the existing approach is capable of tackling the challenges raised by the role of personal data in the shift from an offline to an online economy. Challenging the commonplace assumption that privacy has little or no role and relevance in competition law, the author’s penetrating analysis accomplishes the following and more: provides an in-depth understanding of the intersection of competition and privacy in the data-driven economy; surveys legal policy developments on the role of privacy in competition law; underlines the importance of non-price parameters in competition, such as consumer choice; clearly explains why and how competition law can protect privacy among its policy objectives; and addresses challenges in measuring the intangible harm of digital privacy violation in assessing abuse of market power. Recent case law in Europe and elsewhere, a revealing comparison between relevant European Union (EU) and United States (US) practice, the expanded role of the EU’s Competition Commissioner, and the likely impact of such phenomena as the coronavirus pandemic are all drawn into the book’s remit. In her analysis of the growing privacy dimension in competition policy, the author examines the topic from a broad perspective that includes societal, political, economic, historical and cultural elements. Her insightful multidimensional and value-based review will prove of immeasurable value to practitioners, academics, policymakers and enforcers in its identification of implications for business practice as we go forward.
Data Sharing For Digital Markets Contestability
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Author : Richard Feasey
language : en
Publisher: Centre on Regulation in Europe asbl (CERRE)
Release Date : 2020-09-30
Data Sharing For Digital Markets Contestability written by Richard Feasey and has been published by Centre on Regulation in Europe asbl (CERRE) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-09-30 with Technology & Engineering categories.
As the European Commission is preparing its Data Act, this new CERRE report provides concrete recommendations for effective data sharing governance, more specifically when a party has significant incentives not to share data. The forthcoming data act should provide better incentives to stimulate two forms of data sharing: individual users’ data sharing and bulk data sharing between firms. Data sharing is seen by many as an effective means to safeguard competition in digital markets, allowing smaller players to get access to precious data. The authors of the CERRE report, Richard Feasey and Alexandre de Streel, have analysed current EU rules imposing data sharing and conclude these do not provide the comprehensive governance framework needed for data sharing to effectively take place. “Given the incentives a gatekeeper platform may have not to share data, and the potential for this platform to leverage into other markets, we recommend imposing an obligation to share data”, explain Richard Feasey. “The most important and difficult task for regulators lies in determining the type and scope of data that is to be shared and which organisations should be obliged to share it. We conclude that better incentives and governance are needed to stimulate two forms of data sharing in the EU: data about individuals and bulk data between firms.” Regulating recipients as well as donors Regulation for data sharing should not be viewed as being limited to the oversight of a small number of large platforms that might be obliged to share data. It also requires strict oversight of potentially a very large number of smaller firms that might seek access to such data. Regulators will need to establish an effective and comprehensive system of regulation of both donors and recipients of data to guard against misuse and to ensure trust on all sides. Sharing individual users data Over time, the sharing or porting of data about individual users’ data could accumulate and be used for other purposes. For this reason, the authors recommend that obligations to share data about individual users should be quite extensive and apply to digital platforms which may be described as meeting the ‘gatekeeper minus’ threshold. The report encourages regulators to require the sharing of individual user data without any payment. If high transaction costs and uncertain users’ benefits prevent the effectiveness of this approach, policymakers should consider more radical approaches, such as allowing the use of an ‘opt-out’ option (rather than, the current ‘opt-in’) for the sharing of personal data in order to ensure fair competition in digital markets. The European Commission should consider provisions in the forthcoming Data Act to enable the use of ‘opt-out’ arrangements for the sharing of personal data to preserve market contestability under certain prescribed conditions. Although this may represent some loss of consumer sovereignty over their data, such a trade-off may need to be made if data sharing arrangements are to achieve their aim of ensuring contestability in digital markets. Bulk sharing of user data The competitive impact of the bulk transfer of aggregate user data could be significant since the volume of data to be shared is likely to be very substantial and may represent a significant proportion of the donor platform’s data assets. Since obtaining individual consent from every user would not be feasible in these circumstances, regulators and policymakers should consider other mechanisms to enable the bulk sharing of non-anonymised user data. Alternatively, regulators should consider requiring the platform that controls the data to allow third party access to the full data set so that third parties may train algorithms or otherwise derive the same sorts of insights from the data that are available to the incumbent. Recipients of aggregated data should be required to pay for the data, with the payment varying according to the volume and value of the data being shared (and not simply the costs of implementing the data sharing arrangements or storing the data). The primary concern here is to preserve incentives for both parties in the sharing arrangement to innovate and invest in existing or new digital services to acquire additional data for themselves. The Commission should undertake a study to consider how regulators would establish wholesale prices for data that was to be shared. The challenge ahead European policymakers should consider legislative changes with the Data Act to enable the sharing of personal data on an ‘opt-out’ basis under certain narrowly prescribed circumstances and to ensure contestability in digital markets. Finally, data sharing remedies that the report considers arise from the assumption that digital platforms will continue to derive significant market power from their centralised control of big data sets. Regulators and policymakers should also keep an eye on new technologies which might enable a much greater degree of decentralisation and wider distribution of data, thereby removing the very sources of market power which this report has sought to address. This report follows another CERRE research analysing the processes that turn data into economic value for online search, e-commerce and media platforms.
Competition Law And Big Data
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Author : Beata Mäihäniemi
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2020-02-28
Competition Law And Big Data written by Beata Mäihäniemi and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-02-28 with Law categories.
In this timely book, Beata Mäihäniemi analyses and evaluates how the characteristics of information as a good, as well as the characteristics of digital platforms, affect the application of competition law in both theory and practice.
Economic Analysis In Eu Competition Policy
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Author : Parcu, Pier L.
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2021-12-10
Economic Analysis In Eu Competition Policy written by Parcu, Pier L. and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-12-10 with Law categories.
This insightful book assesses emerging trends in the role of economic analysis in EU competition policy, exploring how it has substantially increased in terms of both theories and methods.
Privacy Work
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Author : Frank Hendrickx
language : en
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
Release Date : 2023-06-12
Privacy Work written by Frank Hendrickx and has been published by Kluwer Law International B.V. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-06-12 with Law categories.
The right to privacy is a fundamental right. Along with the related right to personal data protection, it has come to take a central place in contemporary employment relations and shows significant relevance for the future of work. This thoroughly researched volume, which offers insightful essays by leading European academics and policymakers in labour and employment law, is the first to present a thoroughly up-to-date Europe-wide survey and analysis of the intensive and growing interaction of workplace relations systems with developments in privacy law. With abundant reference to the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, and the work of the International Labour Organisation, the book proceeds as a series of country chapters, each by a recognised expert in a specific jurisdiction. Legal comparison is based on a questionnaire circulated to the contributors in advance. Each country chapter addresses the national legal weight of such issues and topics as the following: interaction of privacy and data protection law; legitimacy, purpose limitation, and data minimisation; transparency; role of consent; artificial intelligence and automated decision-making; health-related data, including biometrics and psychological testing; monitoring and surveillance; and use of social media. A detailed introductory overview begins the volume. The research for this book is based on a dynamic methodology, founded in scientific desk research and expert networking. Recognising that the need for further guidance for privacy at work has been demonstrated by various European and international bodies, this book delivers a signal contribution to the field for social partners, practitioners, policymakers, scholars, and all other stakeholders working at the crossroads of privacy, data protection, and labour law.
Data Sharing Regulation In Europe
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Author : Laura Zoboli
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2025-05-28
Data Sharing Regulation In Europe written by Laura Zoboli and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-05-28 with Law categories.
This book provides a comprehensive examination of data sharing within the EU, exploring the regulatory challenges and opportunities created by EU frameworks and policies. As data becomes a critical resource across sectors, EU regulators, policymakers and scholars face the urgent task of crafting frameworks that support data sharing while ensuring fairness, competition and protection of personal data. Through its chapters, the book adopts a holistic approach, analyzing data sharing from the perspectives of EU law, intellectual property, competition law, data protection and governance. It addresses the impact of recent EU legislation — including the Digital Markets Act (DMA), Digital Services Act (DSA), Data Governance Act and Data Act — on enabling or limiting data-sharing practices, particularly in the private sector. Each chapter offers policy recommendations and insights, collectively building a robust theoretical framework for responsible data sharing. This book serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners and students of EU law, competition law, data protection, intellectual property and governance, offering timely insights and a nuanced exploration of the evolving EU data-sharing landscape.
Regulating Innovation In The Digital Age
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Author : Nikita Divissenko
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Release Date : 2025-01-23
Regulating Innovation In The Digital Age written by Nikita Divissenko and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-01-23 with Law categories.
This book examines the role, impact, and limitations of regulation as a tool for shaping innovative markets. It contends that the current supply-centred approach is suboptimal in the context of digital innovation and proposes a blueprint for a more demand-conscious approach to regulation. The focus on the demand-side is prompted by the evolving role of consumers within the innovation process in the digital and data-driven economy, the regulatory implications of which are underexplored in legal scholarship. The book features in-depth case studies of the most recent regulatory initiatives in the EU, including Open Banking, the Digital Markets Act (DMA), and the AI Act. It dismantles innovative regulatory instruments, and critically examines their underlying assumptions from an innovation perspective. The new demand-based approach informs the design and use of supply-side market-centred tools, behaviourally-informed demand-side instruments, and technological regulation, by introducing a coherent set of demand-centred considerations. The book offers a regulatory toolbox recalibrated for the digital age and serves as a practical guide for academics, policymakers, regulators, and legal practitioners seeking to understand and engage with the regulation of innovative markets.
Coherence Between Data Protection And Competition Law In Digital Markets
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Author : Klaudia Majcher
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2023-10-09
Coherence Between Data Protection And Competition Law In Digital Markets written by Klaudia Majcher and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-10-09 with Law categories.
In digital markets, data protection and competition law affect each other in diverse and intricate ways. Their entanglement has triggered a global debate on how these two areas of law should interact to effectively address new harms and ensure that the digital economy flourishes. Coherence between Data Protection and Competition Law in Digital Markets offers a blueprint for bridging the disconnect between data protection and competition law and ensuring a coherent approach towards their enforcement in digital markets. Specifically, this book focuses on the evolution of data protection and competition law, their underlying rationale, their key features and common objectives, and provides a series of examples to demonstrate how the same empirical phenomena in digital markets pose a common challenge to protecting personal data and promoting market competitiveness. A panoply of theoretical and empirical commonalities between these two fields of law, as this volume shows, are barely mirrored in the legal, enforcement, policy, and institutional approaches in the EU and beyond, where the silo approach continues to prevail. The ideas that Majcher puts forward for a more synergetic integration of data protection and competition law are anchored in the concept of 'sectional coherence'. This new coherence-centred paradigm reimagines the interpretation and enforcement of data protection and competition law as mutually cognizant and reciprocal, allowing readers to explore, in an innovative way, the interface between these legal fields and identify positive interactions, instead of merely addressing inconsistencies and tensions. This book reflects on the conceptual, practical, institutional, and constitutional implications of the transition towards coherence and the relevance of its findings for other jurisdictions.
Repositioning Platforms In Digital Market Law
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Author : Dušan V. Popović
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2024-10-08
Repositioning Platforms In Digital Market Law written by Dušan V. Popović and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-10-08 with Law categories.
Online platforms and their ecosystems are the cornerstone of the digital economy. They have brought forth positive network effects. But they are also known for their information asymmetries, their potential for market failures and their problematic relationship with data protection law. This volume provides a detailed analysis of the current process of repositioning online platforms in the digital economy as regulators express concerns about the evolution from mere intermediaries to gatekeepers. The exclusive reliance on competition law instruments has proven to be incapable of coping with cases of platforms abusing their market power. Therefore, the book explores the European Union's new approach to digital markets consisting in the adoption or drafting of new legislative instruments, such as the Digital Markets Act, Digital Services Act, Proposal of AI Act, Proposal of Data Act, Proposal of Data Governance Act. The EU's emphasis on new regulatory ex ante instruments (as in the Digital Markets Act) calls for an assessment of their overlap or their interface with existing supranational and national competition rules. The book transcends mere competition law thinking by exploring the status of online platforms from the perspective of trade law rules, unfair competition law, data protection rules and intellectual property law. But in view of the global reach of online platforms, the risks of a jurisdiction-wise approach with conflicting regulatory strategies are all too clear. The volume therefore includes comparative studies on Australia and the USA. The potential impact of regulatory policy choices will also be assessed from the economic perspective. The book's message is not be confined to researchers and academics. It is also of great importance to practitioners in the digital sector who stand to benefit from the analysis of the law of online platforms, undertaken by a working group of renowned authors coming from different jurisdictions.