The Role Of Mirnas In Cell Fate Decisions During Osteogenesis
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The Role Of Mirnas In Cell Fate Decisions During Osteogenesis
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Author : Devon Duron Ehnes
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
The Role Of Mirnas In Cell Fate Decisions During Osteogenesis written by Devon Duron Ehnes and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with Bones categories.
Bone is a complex mineralized tissue that functions as a structural support for the body, as well as in mineral storage and homeostasis. Its development is as complex as it's function, with multiple molecular cues governing several aspects of its development and maintenance. Multiple previous studies over several decades have shown that failure to maintain tight regulation of these cues results in varying degrees of bone malformation, most frequently of the craniofacial variety. Various reports have cited a fundamental importance of both non-canonical and canonical Wnt signaling in regulating osteogenesis. Multiple studies have also revealed the importance of temporal-spatial regulation of their expression in promoting proper bone development. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that are able to negatively regulate protein expression, serving as a regulatory mechanism in a variety of developmental processes and diseases. They function by binding to the 3' Untranslated Region of target mRNAs to induce mRNA degradation or translational inhibition. They are crucial for early embryonic differentiation, as studies have shown that embryonic stem cells that cannot generate miRNA exhibit impaired differentiation. The work presented in this dissertation focuses on two miRNAs that have not been previously characterized in osteogenesis: miR-690 and miR-361. These miRNAs were selected from a screen based on their differential patterns of accumulation in response to osteogenic factors, and their ability to positively regulate osteogenesis. Using embryonic stem cells as a model for early embryonic development, we observed that both miRNAs were capable of affecting Wnt signaling. We also noted a correlation of miRNA expression with accelerated and/or sustained expression of genes that are associated with neural crest specification or differentiation. These studies have established (i) that miR-690 supports osteogenesis by directly regulating Ctnnb1 during differentiation from the mesenchyme; and (ii) that miR-361 promotes osteogenesis by directly regulating the non- canonical Wnt inhibitor Prickle during mesenchymal commitment. This research presents novel possibilities in miRNA-mediated regulation of early osteogenic development, specifically with regard to regulation of Ctnnb1.
Investigating The Role Of Micrornas In Cell Fate Determination
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Author : Ursula Nosi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Investigating The Role Of Micrornas In Cell Fate Determination written by Ursula Nosi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
MiRNAs are key regulators of a myriad of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and signaling. These developmentally regulated and abundantly expressed RNA species elicit their effects by controlling the expression of multiple genes in a spatial and temporal manner. microRNAs are differentially expressed in the extra-embryonic trophoblast and embryonic inner cell mass of the preimplantation embryo and their stem cell models, but while they are required for trophoblast development, it is unknown whether they have the capacity to specify or determine trophoblast fate in the preimplantation embryo. Knockout phenotypes of microRNA processor genes have not identified a role for microRNAs in this early cell fate choice, and expression of microRNAs in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) has not yet induced a trophoblast cell state. In this thesis I have identified miRNAs with trophoblast function and interrogated their role in cell fate specification. First, I employed stem cell models of the early embryo and confirm that overexpression of these miRNAs in ESCs induces a trophoblast phenotype, resulting in the derivation of a novel mural trophectoderm-like cell (mTELC) type. Second, by ectopically expressing these miRNAs in the preimplantation embryo ex vivo, I provide evidence that miRNAs may be involved in trophoblast fate specification by modulating components of the Hippo signaling pathway. Finally, I elaborate on the role of these miRNAs in trophoblast development and reveal that they could be driving a state of dormancy in this lineage by impinging on mTOR signaling. Together, these studied reveal a role for miRNAs in modulating embryo developmental transitions and specification of cell lineages.
Post Translational Modifications In Cellular Functions And Diseases
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Author : Shibo Ying
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Post Translational Modifications In Cellular Functions And Diseases written by Shibo Ying and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with Cell metabolism categories.
Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs) may occur at any stage following the translation process in the lifecycle of specific proteins. PTMs regulate several cellular processes including protein stability, subcellular localization, and protein-protein interactions. In recent years, more and more target proteins of PTMs have been proved to be related to epigenetic regulation and cell fate. Some enzymes that catalyze PTMs have also been found to be involved in human diseases. This book intends to provide the reader with an overview of the current state of the art in this research field, which focuses on the recent advances, new findings and perspectives in cellular functions, and their clinical significance in human diseases. We hope this book will help researchers in this area.
Cell Engineering And Regeneration
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Author : Heinz Redl
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-02-16
Cell Engineering And Regeneration written by Heinz Redl and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-02-16 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This reference work presents the origins of cells for tissue engineering and regeneration, including primary cells, tissue-specific stem cells, pluripotent stem cells and trans-differentiated or reprogrammed cells. There is particular emphasis on current understanding of tissue regeneration based on embryology and evolution studies, including mechanisms of amphibian regeneration. The book covers the use of autologous versus allogeneic cell sources, as well as various procedures used for cell isolation and cell pre-conditioning , such as cell sorting, biochemical and biophysical pre-conditioning, transfection and aggregation. It also presents cell modulation using growth factors, molecular factors, epigenetic approaches, changes in biophysical environment, cellular co-culture and other elements of the cellular microenvironment. The pathways of cell delivery are discussed with respect to specific clinical situations, including delivery of ex vivo manipulated cells via local and systemic routes, as well as activation and migration of endogenous reservoirs of reparative cells. The volume concludes with an in-depth discussion of the tracking of cells in vivo and their various regenerative activities inside the body, including differentiation, new tissue formation and actions on other cells by direct cell-to-cell communication and by secretion of biomolecules.
Regulatory Microrna
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Author : Y-h. Taguchi
language : en
Publisher: MDPI
Release Date : 2019-04-16
Regulatory Microrna written by Y-h. Taguchi and has been published by MDPI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-04-16 with Science categories.
This book includes updated information about microRNA regulation, for example, in the fields of circular RNAs, multiomics analysis, biomarkers and oncogenes. The variety of topics included in this book reaffirms the extent to which microRNA regulation affects biological processes. Although microRNAs are not translated to proteins, their importance for biological processes is not less than proteins. An understanding of their roles in various biological processes is critical to understanding gene function in these biological processes. Although non-coding RNAs other than microRNAs have recently come under investigation, microRNA still remains the front runner as the subject of genetic and biological studies. In reading the collection of papers, readers can grasp the most updated information regarding microRNA regulation, which will continue to be an important topic in genetics and biology.
Microrna Profiling
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Author : Sweta Rani
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2022-11-28
Microrna Profiling written by Sweta Rani and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-11-28 with Science categories.
This second edition provides updated and comprehensive methods on miRNA biogenesis and their role in the development and progression of various human diseases. Chapters detail miRNA biogenesis, isolating RNA, extracellular vesicles (EVs), circulating miRNAs, analyzing miRNA and miRDeep-P2, protocols for total RNA isolation from cells, cell-derived products, isolation and characterization of exosomes, serum, plasma specimens, and software tools. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, MicroRNA Profiling: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition aims to provide comprehensive and accessible methods to undergraduate, graduate, and established scientist.
Oxidative Stress In Heart Diseases
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Author : Sajal Chakraborti
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2019-11-06
Oxidative Stress In Heart Diseases written by Sajal Chakraborti and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-11-06 with Science categories.
This book bridges the gap between fundamental and translational research in the area of heart disease. It describes a multidisciplinary approach, and demonstrates biochemical mechanisms associated with dysregulation of redox signaling, which leads heart disease. Presenting recent studies on improved forms of ROS scavenging enzymes; specific inhibitors for different ROS generating enzymes; and oxidant induced signaling pathways and their antagonists that allow subtle modulation of redox signaling, it also discusses the spatial and temporal aspects of oxidative stress in the cardiovascular system, which are of vital importance in developing better strategies for treating heart disease. Each chapter offers researchers valuable insights into identifying targets for drug development for different types of heart disease.
Transcriptional And Translational Regulation Of Stem Cells
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Author : Gary Hime
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-05-22
Transcriptional And Translational Regulation Of Stem Cells written by Gary Hime and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-05-22 with Medical categories.
This volume describes the latest findings on transcriptional and translational regulation of stem cells. Both transcriptional activators and repressors have been shown to be crucial for the maintenance of the stem cell state. A key element of stem cell maintenance is repression of differentiation factors or developmental genes – achieved transcriptionally, epigenetically by the Polycomb complex, and post-transcriptionally by RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs. This volume takes two approaches to this topic – (1) illustrating the general principles outlined above through a series of different stem cell examples – embryonic, iPS and adult stem cells, and (2) describing several molecular families that have been shown to have roles in regulation of multiple stem cell populations.
Insect Diapause
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Author : David L. Denlinger
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2022-02-03
Insect Diapause written by David L. Denlinger and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-02-03 with Science categories.
Captures the full scope of the literature, integrating ecological and molecular mechanisms that enable insects to enter a dormant state.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes
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Author : Yaoliang Tang
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2015-09-02
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes written by Yaoliang Tang and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-09-02 with Science categories.
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes are at the forefront of research in two of the most high profile and funded scientific areas – cardiovascular research and stem cells. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes provides insight into the biofunction and molecular mechanisms, practical tools for research, and a look toward the clinical applications of this exciting phenomenon which is emerging as an effective diagnostic. Primarily focused on the cardiovascular applications where there have been the greatest advancements toward the clinic, this is the first compendium for clinical and biomedical researchers who are interested in integrating MSC-derived exosomes as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Introduces the MSC-exosome mediated cell-cell communication Covers the major functional benefits in current MSC-derived exosome studies Discusses strategies for the use of MSC-derived exosomes in cardiovascular therapies