The Role Of The Immune System In The Pathogenesis Of Diabetic Complications
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The Role Of The Immune System In The Pathogenesis Of Diabetic Complications
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Author : Gabriel Virella
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
Release Date : 2014-12-03
The Role Of The Immune System In The Pathogenesis Of Diabetic Complications written by Gabriel Virella and has been published by Frontiers E-books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-12-03 with Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology categories.
The main causes of morbidity and mortality in diabetes are macrovasular and microvascular complications, including atherosclerosis, nephropathy, and retinopathy. As the definition of atherosclerosis as a chronic, smoldering, inflammatory disease has gained general acceptance, the attention of researchers has focused on the triggers of chronic vascular inflammation. The oxidation and other forms of modification of lipids and lipoproteins have emerged as a major pathogenic factor in atherosclerosis, with a significant interaction with the immune system. Modified lipoproteins by themselves are proinflammatory through the activation of the innate immune system as a consequence of the interaction with scavenger receptors and/or toll-like receptors expressed by a variety of cell types, including phagocytic cells and dendritic cells. A variety of modified forms of LDL (mLDL), including oxidized, malondialdehyde-modified, and Advanced Glycation End-product-modified LDL induce autoimmune responses in humans. Those modifications seem enhanced in diabetes, and the progression of atherosclerosis is accelerated in diabetic patients. The immune response to all forms of mLDL results in both activation of T cells in the arterial wall and in an autoimmune response characterized by the formation of IgG antibodies. Both arms of the immune response are believed to play a role in vascular inflammation. While the cell response is likely to activate resident macrophages, the humoral immune response results in the production of IgG antibodies that bind to specific epitopes in modified forms of LDL, generate immune complexes both intra- and extravascularly, and those complexes are able to activate the classical pathway of the complement system as well as phagocytic cells via Fc? receptors. In vitro studies suggest that the pro-inflammatory activity of immune complexes containing mLDL is several-fold higher than that of the modified LDL molecules by themselves. Clinical studies have provided significant support to the pathogenic role of immune complexes containing modified LDL in the development of atherosclerotic complications in patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. At the same time, there is increasing evidence that the formation of immune complexes containing modified forms of LDL may also be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. These are areas in which more research is needed to fully understand the pathogenic mechanisms activated by those immune complexes. Of interest is the fact that animal models have suggested the possibility of modifying the adaptive humoral immune response in ways that would result in slowing down, and perhaps prevent, the atherosclerotic process. This possibility is sufficiently alluring as to justify increased research efforts, both in animal models (including diabetic animals) and translational clinical studies. The manipulation of the T regulatory population is another area of potential translational impact, which has hardly been explored. Indeed at this point of time, what seems to be a high priority is an increased and open interchange of information among investigators, trying to reach a better general understanding and integration of knowledge generated from a variety of approaches and perspectives. This Research Topic provided an optimal platform for this open interchange of information. We encouraged interested scientists to submit mini-reviews, methods papers, review articles, perspectives and original research articles covering this topic in all its diversity to facilitate the communication of perspectives and new information between scientists interested in understanding the multiple implications of the involvement of the immune system in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.
The Role Of The Immune System In The Pathogenesis Of Diabetic Complications
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
The Role Of The Immune System In The Pathogenesis Of Diabetic Complications written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
The main causes of morbidity and mortality in diabetes are macrovasular and microvascular complications, including atherosclerosis, nephropathy, and retinopathy. As the definition of atherosclerosis as a chronic, smoldering, inflammatory disease has gained general acceptance, the attention of researchers has focused on the triggers of chronic vascular inflammation. The oxidation and other forms of modification of lipids and lipoproteins have emerged as a major pathogenic factor in atherosclerosis, with a significant interaction with the immune system. Modified lipoproteins by themselves are proinflammatory through the activation of the innate immune system as a consequence of the interaction with scavenger receptors and/or toll-like receptors expressed by a variety of cell types, including phagocytic cells and dendritic cells. A variety of modified forms of LDL (mLDL), including oxidized, malondialdehyde-modified, and Advanced Glycation End-product-modified LDL induce autoimmune responses in humans. Those modifications seem enhanced in diabetes, and the progression of atherosclerosis is accelerated in diabetic patients. The immune response to all forms of mLDL results in both activation of T cells in the arterial wall and in an autoimmune response characterized by the formation of IgG antibodies. Both arms of the immune response are believed to play a role in vascular inflammation. While the cell response is likely to activate resident macrophages, the humoral immune response results in the production of IgG antibodies that bind to specific epitopes in modified forms of LDL, generate immune complexes both intra- and extravascularly, and those complexes are able to activate the classical pathway of the complement system as well as phagocytic cells via Fc? receptors. In vitro studies suggest that the pro-inflammatory activity of immune complexes containing mLDL is several-fold higher than that of the modified LDL molecules by themselves. Clinical studies have provided significant support to the pathogenic role of immune complexes containing modified LDL in the development of atherosclerotic complications in patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. At the same time, there is increasing evidence that the formation of immune complexes containing modified forms of LDL may also be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. These are areas in which more research is needed to fully understand the pathogenic mechanisms activated by those immune complexes. Of interest is the fact that animal models have suggested the possibility of modifying the adaptive humoral immune response in ways that would result in slowing down, and perhaps prevent, the atherosclerotic process. This possibility is sufficiently alluring as to justify increased research efforts, both in animal models (including diabetic animals) and translational clinical studies. The manipulation of the T regulatory population is another area of potential translational impact, which has hardly been explored. Indeed at this point of time, what seems to be a high priority is an increased and open interchange of information among investigators, trying to reach a better general understanding and integration of knowledge generated from a variety of approaches and perspectives. This Research Topic provided an optimal platform for this open interchange of information. We encouraged interested scientists to submit mini-reviews, methods papers, review articles, perspectives and original research articles covering this topic in all its diversity to facilitate the communication of perspectives and new information between scientists interested in understanding the multiple implications of the involvement of the immune system in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.
Immune Disorders In Diabetes And Microvascular Complications
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Author : Yuanzeng Min
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2023-11-22
Immune Disorders In Diabetes And Microvascular Complications written by Yuanzeng Min and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-11-22 with Medical categories.
At present, the prevalence of adult diabetes is 8-10%, and the number of diabetic patients in the world is conservatively estimated to be 350 million. Diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy are the two major microvascular complications of diabetic patients, and their lethality and harm, on the whole, exceed the other two complications, diabetic foot disease and other complications. Among them, the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy is as high as 20-50% in the diabetic population, especially in patients with diabetes for more than 10 years, the prevalence rate can be as high as 70%, and half of them will develop chronic renal damage and renal failure. Diabetic nephropathy is the first cause of renal maintenance dialysis in end-stage renal disease in Europe and the United States. Diabetic retinopathy is also the leading cause of insomnia in diabetic patients. Immune factors have been clearly confirmed to play an important pathogenic role in type 1 diabetes, but the role of immune factors in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes remains to be further explored. In addition, we are not clear about the role of immune-involved inflammatory response plays in diabetic microvascular disease, and do not know whether it can be a potential intervention target. Answering these questions will provide important targets to overcome diabetes and effectively prevent the progress of diabetic microvascular complications. The goal of the Research Topic is to explore the immune (inflammation) regulation and mediating mechanisms during the pathogenesis of diabetes and diabetic microvascular complications (diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy), and to find potential disease intervention targets in related treatments. We welcome manuscripts that include, but are not limited to, the following aspects: ● Immune-Mediated Mechanisms of the Development of Diabetes ● The role of immune-mediated pancreatic β-cell function decline in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus ● Potential immunotherapy prospects for diabetes ● Involvement and mechanism of immune inflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy ● Immune pathogenic mechanisms in the development of diabetic retinopathy
The Role Of Viruses And The Immune System In Diabetes Mellitus
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Author : Thomas Dyrberg
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2011-12-21
The Role Of Viruses And The Immune System In Diabetes Mellitus written by Thomas Dyrberg and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-12-21 with Medical categories.
Research in diabetes has accelerated in two areas, both of which are being reviewed in CTMI. The first is the use of a variety of animal models; the second is basic research in human investigation, islet cell antigens, and mapping of genes as sociated with susceptibility to disease. Dr. Thomas Dyrberg accepted editorial responsibility for this volume, which covers the first area. A second book, to be published later in the year, is edited by Drs. Brekkeskov and Hansen (CTMI 164, see page VI for contents). Although the contributors to both volumes represent the international scientific community, the editors are from the Hagedorn Research Laboratory in Denmark. Work at this institute and the Steno Memorial Hospital has been dedicated to research in diabetes for decades, and the insti tutions were appointed WHO Collaborating Centres for Re search and Training on the Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus in 1983. It is worth noting that while addressing the hypothesis of the role of class II major histocompatibility glycoproteins in autoimmune diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes, IDDM) a number of investigators established animal models in which class II molecules were expressed under the control of the rat insulin promoter. While generating interesting information on 100M, the finding of immunologic tolerance in such transgenic mice has attracted the attention of several basic immunologic laboratories for quite different reasons. Thus, we are reminded again of the Pasteur dictum that "chance favors the prepared mind. " Michael B. A. Oldstone, M. D.
Immunology Of Clinical And Experimental Diabetes
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Author : Sudhir Gupta
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-11-11
Immunology Of Clinical And Experimental Diabetes written by Sudhir Gupta and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-11 with Medical categories.
During the past 5 years, impressive progress has been made in understanding the etiopathogenesis of expeiimental and clinical diabetes. The rapid progress that has been made in the general field of immunology has made possible new understanding regarding the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of diabetes. The other two areas in which recent progress has been made in the field of diabetes include genetics and the role of infectious agent(s) in the etiopathogenesis of diabetes. Because of these recent developments, a vast amount of data has been accumulated and published in a number of metabolic, endocrine, immunological, and general medicine journals. The purpose of this book is to consolidate all the available information and present it in its current state. In the present volume, I strive to bring together relevant contributions from leaders in the fields of immunopathology, immunobiology, and genetics. The advancing understanding has in several instances reached the point of clinical applica tion. This volume encompasses the entire scope of modem immunology of diabetes mellitus. This volume has been divided into two major parts, Experimental Diabetes and Clinical Diabetes. In the Experimental part are included chapters dealing with the structure and functions of insulin and the immune response to insulin. Spontaneous and experimentally induced models of type I diabetes mellitus are presented. The role of virus(es) in the etiology of experimental diabetes and the influence of sex on experi mental diabetes are discussed. The transplantation of pancreas and islets is reviewed in detail.
Diabetes Mellitus In Children
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Author : Mark A. Sperling
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
Diabetes Mellitus In Children written by Mark A. Sperling and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Children categories.
Immunology Of Diabetes
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Author : William James Irvine
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1980
Immunology Of Diabetes written by William James Irvine and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1980 with Diabetes categories.
Stress Challenges And Immunity In Space
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Author : Alexander Choukèr
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2019-11-27
Stress Challenges And Immunity In Space written by Alexander Choukèr and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-11-27 with Medical categories.
This book explains how stress – either psychological or physical – can activate and/or paralyse human innate or adaptive immunity. Adequate immunity is crucial for maintaining health, both on Earth and in space. During space flight, human physiology is specifically challenged by complex environmental stressors, which are most pronounced during lunar or interplanetary missions. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the book identifies the impact of these stressors – the space exposome – on immunity as a result of (dys-)functions of specific cells, organs and organ networks. These conditions (e.g. gravitation changes, radiation, isolation/confinement) affect immunity, but at the same time provide insights that may help to prevent, diagnose and address immune-related health alterations. Written by experts from academia, space agencies and industry, the book is a valuable resource for professionals, researchers and students in the field of medicine, biology and technology. The chapters “The Impact of Everyday Stressors on the Immune System and Health”, “Stress and Radiation Responsiveness” and “Assessment of Radiosensitivity and Biomonitoring of Exposure to Space adiation” are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Pathophysiology And Complications Of Diabetes Mellitus
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Author : Oluwafemi Oguntibeju
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2012-11-14
Pathophysiology And Complications Of Diabetes Mellitus written by Oluwafemi Oguntibeju and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-11-14 with Medical categories.
Diabetes mellitus is a complex, progressive disease, which is accompanied by multiple complications. It is a metabolic disorder of the endocrine system and listed among the most common disorders in both developed and developing countries. It has a global metabolic epidemic and it is estimated that the number of people affected by the disease will rise from the current 150 to 230 million by 2025. Hyperglycaemia is a characteristic feature of diabetes mellitus and chronic hyperglycaemia could lead to long-term complications in the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. Interestingly, this book examines the pathophysiology and selected complications in diabetes mellitus.
Textbook Of Diabetes
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Author : Richard I. G. Holt
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2017-03-06
Textbook Of Diabetes written by Richard I. G. Holt and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-03-06 with Medical categories.
Now in its fifth edition, the Textbook of Diabetes has established itself as the modern, well-illustrated, international guide to diabetes. Sensibly organized and easy to navigate, with exceptional illustrations, the Textbook hosts an unrivalled blend of clinical and scientific content. Highly-experienced editors from across the globe assemble an outstanding set of international contributors who provide insight on new developments in diabetes care and information on the latest treatment modalities used around the world. The fifth edition features an array of brand new chapters, on topics including: Ischaemic Heart Disease Glucagon in Islet Regulation Microbiome and Diabetes Diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Diabetes and Cancer End of Life Care in Diabetes as well as a new section on Psychosocial aspects of diabetes. In addition, all existing chapters are fully revised with the very latest developments, including the most recent guidelines from the ADA, EASD, DUK and NICE. Includes free access to the Wiley Digital Edition providing search across the book, the full reference list with web links, illustrations and photographs, and post-publication updates Via the companion website, readers can access a host of additional online materials such as: 200 interactive MCQ's to allow readers to self-assess their clinical knowledge every figure from the book, available to download into presentations fully searchable chapter pdfs Once again, Textbook of Diabetes provides endocrinologists and diabetologists with a fresh, comprehensive and multi-media clinical resource to consult time and time again.