The Sciences Of The Artificial
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The Sciences Of The Artificial
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Author : Herbert Alexander Simon
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press (MA)
Release Date : 1969
The Sciences Of The Artificial written by Herbert Alexander Simon and has been published by MIT Press (MA) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1969 with Computers categories.
The Sciences of the Artificialreveals the design of an intellectual structure aimed at accommodating those empirical phenomena that are "artificial" rather than "natural." The goal is to show how empirical sciences of artificial systems are possible, even in the face of the contingent and teleological character of the phenomena, their attributes of choice and purpose. Developing in some detail two specific examples—human psychology and engineering design—Professor Simon describes the shape of these sciences as they are emerging from developments of the past 25 years. "Artificial" is used here in a very specific sense: to denote systems that have a given form and behavior only because they adapt (or are adapted), in reference to goals or purposes, to their environment. Thus, both man-made artifacts and man himself, in terms of his behavior, are artificial. Simon characterizes an artificial system as an interface between two environments—inner and outer. These environments lie in the province of "natural science," but the interface, linking them, is the realm of "artificial science." When an artificial system adapts successfully, its behavior shows mostly the shape of the outer environment and reveals little of the structure or mechanisms of the inner. The inner environment becomes significant for behavior only when a system reaches the limits of its rationality and adaptability, and contingency degenerates into necessity.
The Sciences Of The Artificial Third Edition
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Author : Herbert A. Simon
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 1996-09-26
The Sciences Of The Artificial Third Edition written by Herbert A. Simon and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996-09-26 with Computers categories.
Continuing his exploration of the organization of complexity and the science of design, this new edition of Herbert Simon's classic work on artificial intelligence adds a chapter that sorts out the current themes and tools—chaos, adaptive systems, genetic algorithms—for analyzing complexity and complex systems. There are updates throughout the book as well. These take into account important advances in cognitive psychology and the science of design while confirming and extending the book's basic thesis: that a physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for intelligent action. The chapter "Economic Reality" has also been revised to reflect a change in emphasis in Simon's thinking about the respective roles of organizations and markets in economic systems.
Models Of My Life
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Author : Herbert A. Simon
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 1996-10-08
Models Of My Life written by Herbert A. Simon and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996-10-08 with Biography & Autobiography categories.
In this candid and witty autobiography, Nobel laureate Herbert A. Simon looks at his distinguished and varied career, continually asking himself whether (and how) what he learned as a scientist helps to explain other aspects of his life. A brilliant polymath in an age of increasing specialization, Simon is one of those rare scholars whose work defines fields of inquiry. Crossing disciplinary lines in half a dozen fields, Simon's story encompasses an explosion in the information sciences, the transformation of psychology by the information-processing paradigm, and the use of computer simulation for modeling the behavior of highly complex systems. Simon's theory of bounded rationality led to a Nobel Prize in economics, and his work on building machines that think—based on the notion that human intelligence is the rule-governed manipulation of symbols—laid conceptual foundations for the new cognitive science. Subsequently, contrasting metaphors of the maze (Simon's view) and of the mind (neural nets) have dominated the artificial intelligence debate. There is also a warm account of his successful marriage and of an unconsummated love affair, letters to his children, columns, a short story, and political and personal intrigue in academe.
Encyclopedia Of The Sciences Of Learning
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Author : Norbert M. Seel
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2011-10-05
Encyclopedia Of The Sciences Of Learning written by Norbert M. Seel and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-10-05 with Education categories.
Over the past century, educational psychologists and researchers have posited many theories to explain how individuals learn, i.e. how they acquire, organize and deploy knowledge and skills. The 20th century can be considered the century of psychology on learning and related fields of interest (such as motivation, cognition, metacognition etc.) and it is fascinating to see the various mainstreams of learning, remembered and forgotten over the 20th century and note that basic assumptions of early theories survived several paradigm shifts of psychology and epistemology. Beyond folk psychology and its naïve theories of learning, psychological learning theories can be grouped into some basic categories, such as behaviorist learning theories, connectionist learning theories, cognitive learning theories, constructivist learning theories, and social learning theories. Learning theories are not limited to psychology and related fields of interest but rather we can find the topic of learning in various disciplines, such as philosophy and epistemology, education, information science, biology, and – as a result of the emergence of computer technologies – especially also in the field of computer sciences and artificial intelligence. As a consequence, machine learning struck a chord in the 1980s and became an important field of the learning sciences in general. As the learning sciences became more specialized and complex, the various fields of interest were widely spread and separated from each other; as a consequence, even presently, there is no comprehensive overview of the sciences of learning or the central theoretical concepts and vocabulary on which researchers rely. The Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning provides an up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms mostly used in the sciences of learning and its related fields, including relevant areas of instruction, pedagogy, cognitive sciences, and especially machine learning and knowledge engineering. This modern compendium will be an indispensable source of information for scientists, educators, engineers, and technical staff active in all fields of learning. More specifically, the Encyclopedia provides fast access to the most relevant theoretical terms provides up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the most important theories within the various fields of the learning sciences and adjacent sciences and communication technologies; supplies clear and precise explanations of the theoretical terms, cross-references to related entries and up-to-date references to important research and publications. The Encyclopedia also contains biographical entries of individuals who have substantially contributed to the sciences of learning; the entries are written by a distinguished panel of researchers in the various fields of the learning sciences.
The Book Of Why
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Author : Judea Pearl
language : en
Publisher: Penguin UK
Release Date : 2018-05-15
The Book Of Why written by Judea Pearl and has been published by Penguin UK this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-05-15 with Philosophy categories.
The hugely influential book on how the understanding of causality revolutionized science and the world, by the pioneer of artificial intelligence 'Wonderful ... illuminating and fun to read' Daniel Kahneman, Nobel Prize-winner and author of Thinking, Fast and Slow 'Correlation does not imply causation.' For decades, this mantra was invoked by scientists in order to avoid taking positions as to whether one thing caused another, such as smoking and cancer, or carbon dioxide and global warming. But today, that taboo is dead. The causal revolution, sparked by world-renowned computer scientist Judea Pearl and his colleagues, has cut through a century of confusion and placed cause and effect on a firm scientific basis. Now, Pearl and science journalist Dana Mackenzie explain causal thinking to general readers for the first time, showing how it allows us to explore the world that is and the worlds that could have been. It is the essence of human and artificial intelligence. And just as Pearl's discoveries have enabled machines to think better, The Book of Why explains how we too can think better. 'Pearl's accomplishments over the last 30 years have provided the theoretical basis for progress in artificial intelligence and have redefined the term "thinking machine"' Vint Cerf
Swarm Intelligence
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Author : Eric Bonabeau
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 1999-09-23
Swarm Intelligence written by Eric Bonabeau and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-09-23 with Computers categories.
Social insects--ants, bees, termites, and wasps--can be viewed as powerful problem-solving systems with sophisticated collective intelligence. Composed of simple interacting agents, this intelligence lies in the networks of interactions among individuals and between individuals and the environment. A fascinating subject, social insects are also a powerful metaphor for artificial intelligence, and the problems they solve--finding food, dividing labor among nestmates, building nests, responding to external challenges--have important counterparts in engineering and computer science. This book provides a detailed look at models of social insect behavior and how to apply these models in the design of complex systems. The book shows how these models replace an emphasis on control, preprogramming, and centralization with designs featuring autonomy, emergence, and distributed functioning. These designs are proving immensely flexible and robust, able to adapt quickly to changing environments and to continue functioning even when individual elements fail. In particular, these designs are an exciting approach to the tremendous growth of complexity in software and information. Swarm Intelligence draws on up-to-date research from biology, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, robotics, operations research, and computer graphics, and each chapter is organized around a particular biological example, which is then used to develop an algorithm, a multiagent system, or a group of robots. The book will be an invaluable resource for a broad range of disciplines.
Artificial Intelligence
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Author : John Haugeland
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 1989-01-06
Artificial Intelligence written by John Haugeland and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989-01-06 with Psychology categories.
"Machines who think—how utterly preposterous," huff beleaguered humanists, defending their dwindling turf. "Artificial Intelligence—it's here and about to surpass our own," crow techno-visionaries, proclaiming dominion. It's so simple and obvious, each side maintains, only a fanatic could disagree. Deciding where the truth lies between these two extremes is the main purpose of John Haugeland's marvelously lucid and witty book on what artificial intelligence is all about. Although presented entirely in non-technical terms, it neither oversimplifies the science nor evades the fundamental philosophical issues. Far from ducking the really hard questions, it takes them on, one by one. Artificial intelligence, Haugeland notes, is based on a very good idea, which might well be right, and just as well might not. That idea, the idea that human thinking and machine computing are "radically the same," provides the central theme for his illuminating and provocative book about this exciting new field. After a brief but revealing digression in intellectual history, Haugeland systematically tackles such basic questions as: What is a computer really? How can a physical object "mean" anything? What are the options for computational organization? and What structures have been proposed and tried as actual scientific models for intelligence? In a concluding chapter he takes up several outstanding problems and puzzles—including intelligence in action, imagery, feelings and personality—and their enigmatic prospects for solution.
Artificial Minds
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Author : Stan Franklin
language : en
Publisher: Bradford Book
Release Date : 1995
Artificial Minds written by Stan Franklin and has been published by Bradford Book this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Psychology categories.
Stan Franklin is the perfect tour guide through the contemporary interdisciplinary matrix of artificial intelligence, cognitive science, cognitive neuroscience, artificial neural networks, artificial life, and robotics that is producing a new paradigm of mind. Along the way, Franklin makes the case for a perspective that rejects a rigid distinction between mind and non-mind in favor of a continuum from less to more mind, and for the role of mind as a control structure with the essential task of choosing the next action. Selected stops include the best of the work in these different fields, with the key concepts and results explained in just enough detail to allow readers to decide for themselves why the work is significant. Major attractions include animal minds, Newell's SOAR, the three Artificial Intelligence debates, Holland's genetic algorithms, Wilson's Animat, Brooks' subsumption architecture, Jackson's pandemonium architecture, Ornstein's multimind, Minsky's society of mind, Maes's behavior networks, Edelman's neural Darwinism, Drescher's schema mechanisms, Kanerva's sparse distributed memory, Hofstadter and Mitchell's Copycat, and Agre and Chapman's deictic representations.
Artificial Intelligence Theory And Applications
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Author : Endre Pap
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-07-15
Artificial Intelligence Theory And Applications written by Endre Pap and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-07-15 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book is an up-to-date collection, in AI and environmental research, related to the project ATLAS. AI is used for gaining an understanding of complex research phenomena in the environmental sciences, encompassing heterogeneous, noisy, inaccurate, uncertain, diverse spatio-temporal data and processes. The first part of the book covers new mathematics in the field of AI: aggregation functions with special classes such as triangular norms and copulas, pseudo-analysis, and the introduction to fuzzy systems and decision making. Generalizations of the Choquet integral with applications in decision making as CPT are presented. The second part of the book is devoted to AI in the geo-referenced air pollutants and meteorological data, image processing, machine learning, neural networks, swarm intelligence, robotics, mental well-being and data entry errors. The book is intended for researchers in AI and experts in environmental sciences as well as for Ph.D. students.
Artificial Unintelligence
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Author : Meredith Broussard
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2019-01-29
Artificial Unintelligence written by Meredith Broussard and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-01-29 with Computers categories.
A software developer’s misadventures in computer programming, machine learning, and artificial intelligence reveal why we should never assume technology always get it right. In Artificial Unintelligence, Meredith Broussard argues that our collective enthusiasm for applying computer technology to every aspect of life has resulted in a tremendous amount of poorly designed systems. We are so eager to do everything digitally—hiring, driving, paying bills, even choosing romantic partners—that we have stopped demanding that our technology actually work. Broussard, a software developer and journalist, reminds us that there are fundamental limits to what we can (and should) do with technology. With this book, she offers a guide to understanding the inner workings and outer limits of technology—and issues a warning that we should never assume that computers always get things right. Making a case against technochauvinism—the belief that technology is always the solution—Broussard argues that it’s just not true that social problems would inevitably retreat before a digitally enabled Utopia. To prove her point, she undertakes a series of adventures in computer programming. She goes for an alarming ride in a driverless car, concluding “the cyborg future is not coming any time soon”; uses artificial intelligence to investigate why students can’t pass standardized tests; deploys machine learning to predict which passengers survived the Titanic disaster; and attempts to repair the U.S. campaign finance system by building AI software. If we understand the limits of what we can do with technology, Broussard tells us, we can make better choices about what we should do with it to make the world better for everyone.