The Stimulated Brain
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The Stimulated Brain
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Author : Roi Cohen Kadosh
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2014-06-01
The Stimulated Brain written by Roi Cohen Kadosh and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-06-01 with Medical categories.
The Stimulated Brain—which garnered an Honorable Mention for Biomedicine & Neuroscience at the 2015 PROSE Awards from the Association of American Publishers—presents the first integration of findings on brain stimulation from different research fields with a primary focus on Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES), one of the most frequently used noninvasive stimulation methods. The last decade has witnessed a significant increase in the amount of research exploring how noninvasive brain stimulation can not only modulate but also enhance cognition and brain functions. However, although Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and particularly tES have the potential to become more widely applicable techniques (as they come with none of the risks associated with deep brain stimulation) the reference literature on these neurotechnologies has been sparse. This resource provides a broad survey of current knowledge, and also marks future directions in cognitive and neuro-enhancement. It expands our understanding of basic research findings from animals and humans, including clear translational benefits for applied research and the therapeutic use of noninvasive brain stimulation methods. The book's coverage includes a primer that paves the way to a more advanced knowledge of tES and its physiological basis; current research findings on cognitive and neuro-enhancement in animals and typical and atypical human populations, such as neurological patients; and discussions of future directions, including specific neuroethical issues and pathways for collaboration and entrepreneurialism. The Stimulated Brain is the first book to provide a comprehensive understanding of different aspects of noninvasive brain stimulation that are critical for scientists, clinicians, and those who are interested in “stimulating their minds by exploring this fascinating field of research. Honorable Mention for Biomedicine & Neuroscience in the 2015 PROSE Awards from the Association of American Publishers The only reference on the market to focus on transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) Coverage across technical, historical, and application topics makes this the single, comprehensive resource for researchers and students Edited book with chapters authored by international leaders in the fields of medicine, neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy—providing the broadest, most expert coverage available
The Stimulated Brain
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Author : Mariska Hendrika Maria Mantione
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
The Stimulated Brain written by Mariska Hendrika Maria Mantione and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Brain Stimulation
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Author : Filippo Agnesi
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-11
Brain Stimulation written by Filippo Agnesi and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-11 with Medical categories.
Chronic deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become a widely accepted surgical treatment for medication-refractory movement disorders and is under evaluation for a variety of neurological disorders. In order to create opportunities to improve treatment efficacy, streamline parameter selection, and foster new potential applications, it is important to have a clear and comprehensive understanding of how DBS works. Although early hypothesis proposed that high-frequency electrical stimulation inhibited neuronal activity proximal to the active electrode, recent studies have suggested that the output of the stimulated nuclei is paradoxically activated by DBS. Such regular, time-locked output is thought to override the transmission of pathological bursting and oscillatory activity through the stimulated nuclei, as well as inducing synaptic plasticity and network reorganization. This chapter reviews electrophysiological experiments, biochemical analyses, computer modeling and imaging studies positing that, although general principles exist, the therapeutic mechanism(s) of action depend both on the site of stimulation and on the disorder being treated.
Brain Stimulation
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Author : David T. Brocker
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-11
Brain Stimulation written by David T. Brocker and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-11 with Medical categories.
Deep brain stimulation is a remarkable therapy that has mainstreamed electrical stimulation of the brain for the treatment of neurological dysfunction. To appreciate the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation, we need to understand the excitability of neural tissue. Here, we survey the pertinent principles of electrical excitation in the brain. The amount of current delivered and the tissue conductivity together determine the strength and extent of potentials generated by stimulation. The electrode–tissue interface is an important junction where electrical charge carriers in the stimulation hardware are converted to ionic charge carriers in the tissue. Cathodic stimulation tends to depolarize neural elements more easily than anodic stimulation. The current–distance relationship describes how the amount of current needed to excite an axon increases as a function of its distance from the electrode. This relationship also depends on the axon’s diameter because large-diameter axons are excited more easily than small-diameter axons. For a given axon, the strength–duration relationship describes the inverse relationship between threshold current amplitude and pulse duration. Specific stimulation parameters must be considered to avoid stimulation-induced tissue damage. A strong foundation in these principles facilitates understanding of the complex effects of electrical stimulation in the brain.
Principles Of Brain Stimulation
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Author : John Stanton Yeomans
language : en
Publisher: New York : Oxford University Press
Release Date : 1990
Principles Of Brain Stimulation written by John Stanton Yeomans and has been published by New York : Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990 with Brain stimulation categories.
This text is aimed at the advanced undergraduate or graduate student in neuroscience, although there is some more advanced material for specialists.
Brain Stimulation
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Author : Carlo Miniussi
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-11
Brain Stimulation written by Carlo Miniussi and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-11 with Medical categories.
Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is a unique method for studying cognitive function. For the study of cognition, NIBS has gained popularity as a complementary method to functional neuroimaging. By bypassing the correlative approaches of standard imaging techniques, it is possible to establish a putative relationship between brain cognition. In fact, functional neuroimaging data cannot demonstrate the actual role of a particular cortical activation in a specific function because an activated area may simply be correlated with task performance, rather than being responsible for it. NIBS can induce a temporary modification of performance only if the stimulated area is causally engaged in the task. In analogy with lesion studies, NIBS can provide information about where and when a particular process occurs. Based on this assumption, NIBS has been used in many different cognitive domains. However, one of the most interesting questions in neuroscience may not be where and when, but how cognitive activity occurs. Beyond localization approaches, NIBS can be employed to study brain mechanisms. NIBS techniques have the potential to influence behavior transiently by altering neuronal activity, which may have facilitatory or inhibitory behavioral effects. NIBS techniques include transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES). TMS has been shown transiently to modulate neural excitability in a manner that is dependent mainly on the timing and frequency of stimulation (high versus low). The mechanism underlying tES is a change in neuronal membrane potentials that appears to be dependent mainly on the direction of current flow (anodal versus cathodal). Nevertheless, the final effects induced by TMS or tES depend on many technical parameters used during stimulation, such as the intensity of stimulation, coil orientation, site of the reference electrode, and time of application. Moreover, an important factor is the possible interactions between these factors and the physiological and cognitive state of the subject. To use NIBS in cognition, it is important to understand not only how NIBS functions but also the brain mechanisms being studied and the features of the area of interest. To describe better the advanced knowledge provided by NIBS in cognition, we will treat each NIBS technique separately and underline the related hypotheses beyond applications.
Transcranial Brain Stimulation
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Author : Carlo Miniussi
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2012-12-03
Transcranial Brain Stimulation written by Carlo Miniussi and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-03 with Medical categories.
Since the discovery of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), these non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques have been used to investigate the state of cortical excitability, and the excitability of the cortico-cortical and corticospinal pathways. In addition, these techniques have been found
Augmentation Of Brain Function Facts Fiction And Controversy
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Author : Ioan Opris
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2018-09-14
Augmentation Of Brain Function Facts Fiction And Controversy written by Ioan Opris and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-09-14 with Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry categories.
The Volume II is entitled “Neurostimulation and pharmacological approaches”. This volume describes augmentation approaches, where improvements in brain functions are achieved by modulation of brain circuits with electrical or optical stimulation, or pharmacological agents. Activation of brain circuits with electrical currents is a conventional approach that includes such methods as (i) intracortical microstimulation (ICMS), (ii) transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and (iii) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). tDCS and TMS are often regarded as noninvasive methods. Yet, they may induce long-lasting plastic changes in the brain. This is why some authors consider the term “noninvasive” misleading when used to describe these and other techniques, such as stimulation with transcranial lasers. The volume further discusses the potential of neurostimulation as a research tool in the studies of perception, cognition and behavior. Additionally, a notion is expressed that brain augmentation with stimulation cannot be described as a net zero sum proposition, where brain resources are reallocated in such a way that gains in one function are balanced by costs elsewhere. In recent years, optogenetic methods have received an increased attention, and several articles in Volume II cover different aspects of this technique. While new optogenetic methods are being developed, the classical electrical stimulation has already been utilized in many clinically relevant applications, like the vestibular implant and tactile neuroprosthesis that utilizes ICMS. As a peculiar usage of neurostimulation and pharmacological methods, Volume II includes several articles on augmented memory. Memory prostheses are a popular recent development in the stimulation-based BMIs. For example, in a hippocampal memory prosthesis, memory content is extracted from hippocampal activity using a multiple-input, multiple-output non-linear dynamical model. As to the pharmacological approaches to augmenting memory and cognition, the pros and cons of using nootropic drugs are discussed.
Cognitive Enhancement
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Author : Shira Knafo
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2014-12-20
Cognitive Enhancement written by Shira Knafo and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-12-20 with Medical categories.
Cognitive Enhancement: Pharmacologic, Environmental and Genetic Factors addresses the gap that exists in research on the topic, gathering multidisciplinary knowledge and tools that help the reader understand the basics of cognitive enhancement. It also provides assistance in designing procedures and pharmacological approaches to further the use of novel cognitive enhancers, a field that offers potential benefit to a variety of populations, including those with neurologic and psychiatric disorders, mild aging-related cognitive impairment, and those who want to improve intellectual performance. The text builds on our knowledge of the molecular/cellular basis of cognitive function, offering the technological developments that may soon enhance cognition. Separate sections cover enhancement drugs, environmental conditions, and genetic factors in terms of both human and animal studies, including both healthy/young and aging/diseased individuals. Provides a multidisciplinary knowledge, enabling a further understanding of cognitive enhancement Offers coverage of the pharmacologic, environmental, and genetic factors relevant to the topic Discusses cognitive enhancement from the perspective of both healthy and diseased or aging populations Topics are discussed in terms of both human and animal studies
Brain Stimulation
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Author : Pedro Cavaleiro Miranda
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-11-11
Brain Stimulation written by Pedro Cavaleiro Miranda and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-11 with Medical categories.
The effects of transcranial stimulation are determined to a large extent by the spatial distribution and temporal variation of the electric field produced in the brain. In this chapter, we first describe some of the factors that affect the electric field in the brain generally, such as the effect of tissue heterogeneity and anisotropy, or focality. These are common to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and to several forms of transcranial current stimulation (tCS), such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS). Then the main features of the electric field in the human brain during TMS and tCS are presented. This knowledge is important to predict the location and extent of the stimulated region as well as the stimulation intensity in the brain.