The Tsar S Armenians
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The Tsar S Armenians
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Author : Onur Önol
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Release Date : 2017-05-30
The Tsar S Armenians written by Onur Önol and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-05-30 with History categories.
In 1903 Tsar Nicholas II issued a decree allowing the confiscation of Armenian Church property, marking the low point in relations between imperial Russia and its Armenian subjects. Yet just over a decade later, Russian Armenians were fully supportive of the Russian war effort. Drawing on previously untouched archival material and a range of secondary sources published in English, French, Russian and Turkish, this is the first English-language study of this drastic change in relations in the Caucasus. Onur Onol explains how and why the shift took place by looking in detail at the imperial Russian authorities and their relationship with the three pillars of the Russian Armenian community: the Armenian Church, the Armenian bourgeoisie and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutiun). Onol places the evolution within a context of wider political questions, such as the Russian revolutionary movement, Russia's nationalities question, Tsarist fears of pan-Islamism, the path to World War I and the influence of key characters in Russian policy making, from Pyotr Stolypin to Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov.This book fills a conspicuous void in the extant historiography, and will be of interest to scholars working on Russian, Armenian and Ottoman history.
Russia S Entangled Embrace
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Author : Stephen Badalyan Riegg
language : en
Publisher: Cornell University Press
Release Date : 2020-07-15
Russia S Entangled Embrace written by Stephen Badalyan Riegg and has been published by Cornell University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07-15 with History categories.
Russia's Entangled Embrace traces the relationship between the Romanov state and the Armenian diaspora that populated Russia's territorial fringes and navigated the tsarist empire's metropolitan centers. By engaging the ongoing debates about imperial structures that were simultaneously symbiotic and hierarchically ordered, Stephen Badalyan Riegg helps us to understand how, for Armenians and some other subjects, imperial rule represented not hypothetical, clear-cut alternatives but simultaneous, messy realities. He examines why, and how, Russian architects of empire imagined Armenians as being politically desirable. These circumstances included the familiarity of their faith, perceived degree of social, political, or cultural integration, and their actual or potential contributions to the state's varied priorities. Based on extensive research in the archives of St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Yerevan, Russia's Entangled Embrace reveals that the Russian government relied on Armenians to build its empire in the Caucasus and beyond. Analyzing the complexities of this imperial relationship—beyond the reductive question of whether Russia was a friend or foe to Armenians—allows us to study the methods of tsarist imperialism in the context of diasporic distribution, interimperial conflict and alliance, nationalism, and religious and economic identity.
Armenia Crucified
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Author : Diana Agabeg Apca
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014-02-17
Armenia Crucified written by Diana Agabeg Apca and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-02-17 with categories.
SIX months before war was declared in Europe the Russian Government and the German Government entered into a secret Convention with the Turkish Government for the extermination of the Armenians.Whether it was the government of Rasputin and the Empress notoriously in league with Germany, or whether it was the government of Autocratic Russia, that since the accession of the Tsar Alexander III had sought the extermination of the Armenians, has not yet been traced, for the present, the extent of the knowledge ascertained, is, that six months before war was declared in Europe, a representative of authority in Russia secretly went to Constantinople, and there in conjunction with the representative of the German Government, secretly entered into a Convention with the Young Turk Government for the extermination of the Armenians.As the Armenians had neither been consulted nor apprised when this secret Russo-Germano-Turco Convention was being ratified, the proclamation of the Tsar Nicholas II opened out a glorious vision before their eyes. It precipitated the whole Armenian nation headlong into the trap of the betrayer. There was great enthusiasm among Armenians abroad. Russia was hailed as a deliverer, and volunteers burning to strike the stroke of liberation hurried breathlessly to the Caucasus to help to deliver the Fatherland from the accursed Turkish yoke.Three and a half years of war in Europe have brought forth many revelations, and among them, one of the most important, that Authority in Russia joined in the war against Germany not for the purpose of fighting Germany but in the hope of preventing the down-fall of Autocracy in Russia.The revelations in the trail of the war have disclosed that there were two Russias, and that the one Russia was warring against the other Russia in co-operation with Germany.This Russia helped Hindenburg to sink whole regiments of Russians in the Mazurian swamps.This Russia gave up by a series of wanton retreats, whole cities, and miles upon miles of territory to Germany. This Russia sent millions of Russians against the German cannons, with the express purpose of getting them killed off. And this Russia in co-operation with Germany emptied Armenia of Armenians.If the Russian Army had remained in Russia, the campaign in Armenia would have resulted in a swift and glorious success, for then all the victories of the Armenians would not have been blasted there would have been no evacuations of occupied positions, and no wanton retreats, purposely undertaken when victory was in the grasp, to prevent help from reaching the defenseless Armenian population.The Armenians in Turkish Armenia and Asia Minor were defenseless and absolutely dependant on help from outside: Russia took care that help should not reach them and that the Germans and the Turks should have the time and opportunity for exterminating them either outright by massacre, the Turkish form of extirpation, or by the deportations, the German scientific form of extirpation.It may be argued why should Russia seek to empty Armenia of Armenians? What had Russia with her vast territory, her enormous resources, and her over-whelming population to fear from a few million Armenians? The answer to such an argument (supposed it were made) is, that facts are conclusive; facts are stubborn things that stand. It is a fact that since the accession of the Tsar Alexander III to the throne of the Romanoffs, Russia has sought the extermination of the Armenians.It is a fact that the Tsar Alexander HI had given assurances of his friendship to Abdul Hamid. It is a fact that Prince Lobanoff the Prime Minister of the Tsar Alexander III proclaimed that Russia "would annex Armenia when there were no Armenians left". It is a fact that after the massacres of Abd-ul Hamid had raged for several months, Prince Lobanoff saw nothing to destroy his confidence in the "bonne volontè" of the Sultan "who" he (Prince Lobanoff) "felt assured was doing his best".
Voices From The Past
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Author : Vahe Habeshian
language : en
Publisher: Hairenik Association
Release Date : 2014
Voices From The Past written by Vahe Habeshian and has been published by Hairenik Association this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Armenia categories.
In the late 19th century, the Armenian nation was ruled by two great empires: the Ottoman and the Russian. The sultans ruled over the bulk of the Armenians' historical homeland, while the tsars controlled Armenian lands in the Transcaucasus. Often, when those empires clashed, they did so on territories that the Armenians had called their own for three millennia. On the verge of the modern era, both empires were in decline... and desperate to repel the revolutionary-socialist and liberal-democratic ideas emanating from Europe-and to suppress the national liberation movements of the peoples under their rule. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) was founded in those days of sociopolitical ferment, in 1890, in Tbilisi, Georgia. The principal aim of the new organization was the liberation of Armenians under Ottoman rule, but its goals soon evolved to include freedom for Armenians under Russian rule, as well. The biographies and writings of ARF-affiliated statesmen, intellectuals, military commanders, revolutionaries, and rank-and-file fighters included in this book reflect the arch of Armenian history from the 1890s to the 1940s. They contain not merely points of view but larger ideas, ideologies, worldviews, and hard-won life-lessons that energized and guided the lives of individual party members, the collective outlook of ARF, as well as the movement the party engendered. That said, this compilation is merely a small sampling of the thousands of personalities and their works that could have been included. Nevertheless, it contains invaluable insights that would benefit those who would involve themselves in the affairs of Armenia and the Diaspora today, for the past has much to teach those seeking to build the future.
Russia And The Armenians Of Transcaucasia 1797 1889
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Author : George A. Bournoutian
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1998
Russia And The Armenians Of Transcaucasia 1797 1889 written by George A. Bournoutian and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with History categories.
Armenian Cultural Monuments In The Region Of Karabakh
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Author : Samvel Karapetyan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
Armenian Cultural Monuments In The Region Of Karabakh written by Samvel Karapetyan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with Architecture, Armenian categories.
The Empire Of The Tsars And The Russians
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Author : Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1896
The Empire Of The Tsars And The Russians written by Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1896 with Russia categories.
The Tsar The Empire And The Nation
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Author : Darius Staliūnas
language : en
Publisher: Central European University Press
Release Date : 2021-05-30
The Tsar The Empire And The Nation written by Darius Staliūnas and has been published by Central European University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-05-30 with History categories.
This collection of essays addresses the challenge of modern nationalism to the tsarist Russian Empire. First appearing on the empire’s western periphery this challenge, was most prevalent in twelve provinces extending from Ukrainian lands in the south to the Baltic provinces in the north, as well as to the Kingdom of Poland. At issue is whether the late Russian Empire entered World War I as a multiethnic state with many of its age-old mechanisms run by a multiethnic elite, or as a Russian state predominantly managed by ethnic Russians. The tsarist vision of prioritizing loyalty among all subjects over privileging ethnic Russians and discriminating against non-Russians faced a fundamental problem: as soon as the opportunity presented itself, non-Russians would increase their demands and become increasingly separatist. The authors found that although the imperial government did not really identify with popular Russian nationalism, it sometimes ended up implementing policies promoted by Russian nationalist proponents. Matters addressed include native language education, interconfessional rivalry, the “Jewish question,” the origins of mass tourism in the western provinces, as well as the emergence of Russian nationalist attitudes in the aftermath of the first Russian revolution.
The Armenians
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Author : David Marshall Lang
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2021-12-19
The Armenians written by David Marshall Lang and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-12-19 with History categories.
Originally published in 1981, this book tells the story of the Armenian dispersion and gives a graphic account of the persecution of the Armenians by the Turks from 1895 to 1922 which foreshadowed the Jewish holocaust at the hands of Hitler, who is said to have modelled some of his own ideas on those of the Young Turks. Drawing upon material from little-known sources, this book follows the trail of the Armenians from their native lands around Mount Ararat to such far-flung spots as lhasa, Harbin and Buenos Aires. This lively and readable book is an excellent account of a people who have been partly in exile for some 2,000 years.
The Political Economy Of Human Rights In Armenia
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Author : Simon Payaslian
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Release Date : 2011-06-30
The Political Economy Of Human Rights In Armenia written by Simon Payaslian and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-06-30 with History categories.
Since its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Armenia has experienced a reversal from democratization to a Soviet-style authoritarian regime and has been accused of repressive approaches to human rights. Here, Simon Payaslian juxtaposes a masterful survey of the history of the Armenian people from the nineteenth century through the first republic (1918-21) and Sovietization to the present, with the evolution of international human rights standards, and argues that a statist and authoritarian political culture has impeded political liberalization and institutionalization of human rights principles. Highlighting the clash between sovereignty on one side and human rights and democracy on the other, this comprehensive and in-depth analysis is essential for all those interested in human rights, democratization, political repression and the former Soviet republics.