Three Essays In Food Consumption And Health Related Issues
DOWNLOAD
Download Three Essays In Food Consumption And Health Related Issues PDF/ePub or read online books in Mobi eBooks. Click Download or Read Online button to get Three Essays In Food Consumption And Health Related Issues book now. This website allows unlimited access to, at the time of writing, more than 1.5 million titles, including hundreds of thousands of titles in various foreign languages. If the content not found or just blank you must refresh this page
Three Essays In Food Consumption And Health Related Issues
DOWNLOAD
Author : Fuad Mohammed Alagsam
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Three Essays In Food Consumption And Health Related Issues written by Fuad Mohammed Alagsam and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Three Essays On Food Safety Health And Food Marketing
DOWNLOAD
Author : Pei Zhou
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Three Essays On Food Safety Health And Food Marketing written by Pei Zhou and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.
Ensuring the safety and healthfulness of food purchases holds paramount significance for consumers, as it directly impacts not only their physical well-being but also their overall quality of life. Hence, gaining a comprehensive understanding of the factors that shape these choices becomes imperative for the promotion of public health and the prevention of diet-related diseases. This dissertation consists of three essays on food safety, health, and food marketing. It seeks to explore how consumers respond to food recalls, analyze the influence of emerging trends like online grocery shopping, product innovation, and food reformulation on the healthfulness of consumers' food purchases, and ultimately assess their impact on public health outcomes. The first essay examines the heterogeneous impact of various recall information on consumers' perceived health risks and quantifies the overall impact of food recalls on demand. Using the fresh meat market as a case study, this chapter formulates a structural random coefficient discrete choice model of consumer demand using Nielsen Retail Scanner Data from 2012 to 2016. Results show that both the number of recalls and the volume of food recalled have negative and significant effects on the demand. To minimize the negative impact of recalls, the highest priority should be given to preventing large-scale recalls, Class I recalls, product contamination recalls and recalls due to being produced without benefit of inspection or import violation. Food companies should proactively recall when problems arise. The second essay investigates the role of online grocery shopping in mediating the relationship between the food environment and the healthfulness of household food purchases, with a focus on disadvantaged groups. Using Nielsen Consumer Panel Data from 2015 to 2019, this chapter employs fixed effect models with instrument variables to address potential endogeneity associated with the local food environment and the adoption of online grocery shopping. Results suggest that online grocery services may worsen nutrition inequality linked to food environment disparities. Combining online grocery services with local in-store options can lead to improved diet quality. The third essay explores how nutrients, new ingredients, and health claims from product reformulation influence consumer decisions, dietary intake, and population health in the beverage market using a random coefficient discrete choice model and Nielsen Retail Scanner Data from 2015 to 2019. Results find that new ingredients that provide functionality have a significant positive impact on consumer choices. In addition, the use of health claims can significantly increase consumer demand for beverages. Further, the policy aimed at lowering the intake of one single nutrient may have an unintended spillover effect on other nutrient intakes, and policymakers should take a comprehensive approach and consider the broader nutrient impact of any policy aimed at reducing a specific nutrient.
Three Essays On Household Committed Activities And Diet Quality
DOWNLOAD
Author : Benjamin Scharadin
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Three Essays On Household Committed Activities And Diet Quality written by Benjamin Scharadin and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Obesity and diabetes are two very important diet-related issues in the U.S. Due to the strong connection between these diseases and diet quality, there is a large body of research investigating the connection between income, the food environment and diet quality. However, despite numerous studies and interventions addressing income and food-environment factors, the diet-quality gap between low-income and high-income households still persists. Therefore, researchers have begun to study the role of household time allocations on diet quality. In particularly, these three essays consider time spent in primary childcare, secondary childcare, adult care, and non-car transportation because 1) these are committed activities, i.e., activities that must be completed given past decisions, and 2) non-food activities may be more easily influenced by policy.In the first essay I consider how the share of a households day spent in childcare (secondary or primary), adult care, non-car transportation, and food-at-home (FAH) activities influence the share of household food expenditure in certain food groups, while in the second essay I consider how the share of time spent in childcare, adult care, and FAH activities affect the households Healthy Eating Index (HEI). In the third essay I switch focus to food away from home (FAFH) and consider how time spent in primary childcare, secondary childcare, adult care, working, and FAH activities affect the probability and frequency of fast-food purchases. In general I find that secondary childcare and adult care are associated with lower diet quality, while primary childcare and FAH activities are associated with higher diet quality. In addition, income and the food environment influence the effect of time spent in these activities.
Three Essays On The Economics Of Food And Health Behavior
DOWNLOAD
Author : Elizbeth Robison Botkins
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Three Essays On The Economics Of Food And Health Behavior written by Elizbeth Robison Botkins and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
In recent years the `farm to table' trend, the idea of understanding linkages between agricultural supply, food systems, and the food that is consumed, has been growing in popularity. This dissertation takes this idea a step further and examines topics on the progression from `farm to health outcomes.' It is important to recognize not only that food systems impact the way consumers eat, but that those food choices impact health outcomes and the way that medical care is consumed. The three essays of this dissertation examine three separate points along this continuum to improve the understanding of how food systems, food choice, health outcomes, and healthcare consumption interact. The first essay evaluates factors associated with school districts' decisions to participate in farm to school (FTS) programs. I leverage the USDA's Farm to School Census to analyze factors associated with FTS participation, the types of FTS activities implemented, and the challenges faced by participating school districts. I use spatially articulate data to estimate the spatial spillover effects of FTS participation. The results demonstrate that both school characteristics and local farm production factors are associated with FTS participation. The estimated spatial spillover effect is positive, suggesting that areas with a high penetration of FTS activities have lower barriers associated with implementing FTS programs. In my second essay, I shift to evaluating how parent-child pairs make the daily school lunch decision. Meals served in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) are on average more healthful than alternatives, implying that increasing participation in the NSLP can improve nutrition for a large number of children. However, there is little understanding of the household decision process that determines participation in the NSLP. This study uses a parent-child choice experiment to assess the impact of both parent and child on NSLP participation. The results show that both have a significant impact on the chosen meal, where parents are concerned with meal palatability and nutrition, while the child only cares about palatability. The decision is also influenced by the household structure and demographics, and the inclusion of local foods in the school lunch option. My final essay evaluates how access to medical care can impact lifestyle choices. I evaluate if there is an ex ante moral hazard effect in health insurance markets. Ex ante moral hazard occurs when an individual takes on more risk knowing they will not bear the full cost of the consequences. In the case of health insurance, this could mean taking on unhealthful eating habits knowing that if these habits lead to illness the cost of care will be covered by insurance. Using panel data from the National Longitudinal Youth Survey 1997, I find evidence of an ex ante moral hazard effect in BMI, binge drinking, and smoking, suggesting that people take on less healthful behaviors, holding all else constant, when they have health insurance. The existence of ex ante moral hazard suggests that insurance companies can seek efficiency gains by finding ways to structure policies that diminish this moral hazard effect.
Three Essays On Food Policy And Health Consumption Patterns
DOWNLOAD
Author : Elena Castellari
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Three Essays On Food Policy And Health Consumption Patterns written by Elena Castellari and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Three Essays On Consumer Demand Health And Food Environment
DOWNLOAD
Author : Zefeng Dong
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Three Essays On Consumer Demand Health And Food Environment written by Zefeng Dong and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
Essay 1 investigates whether dietary choice links with physical activity, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and medication usages for these two diseases. To measure consumers dietary choice, this essay employs yearly expenditure shares of six food categories, including fruits and vegetables, snacks and chips, yogurts, regular soft drinks, diet soft drinks and bottled water. The model is Ordinary Least Square models of expenditure share of one food category against physical activity, obesity or type 2 diabetes. Essay 1 finds that the physically active individuals spend more of their grocery budget on fruits and vegetables and yogurts and spend less snacks and chips, regular soft drinks and diet soft drinks on average than the physically inactive ones. The endogeneity of physical activity affects the regression results for some food categories. It also finds that the dietary pattern of obese individuals are less healthy than that of nonobese individuals. However, when considers the usage of medications for obesity and a mixed method for obesity identification (i.e. identify obesity with self-reported survey and BMI 30), the results are mixed. For the model of type 2 diabetes, the expenditure share of a food category is driven by both medication usage and nutrition facts of the food category. Essay 2 investigates the associations between consumer demand on yogurts and physical activity and obesity. I consider a mixed multinomial logit model with random coefficients for price and product attributes. Essay 2 finds that individuals who do exercise some days in a week are the most price sensitive on average, followed by the individuals who do exercise most days in a week and the ones who rarely or never exercise. Physically active individuals, on average, prefer healthy yogurts such as plain yogurts and Greek yogurts. It also finds that the individuals whose BMI 30 (i.e. obese or overweight) are more price sensitive and prefer yogurts with more sugar and protein and less total fat on average than the ones whose BMI
Three Essays On Health And Macronutrient Consumption Among Chinese Adults
DOWNLOAD
Author : Zhehui Luo
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
Three Essays On Health And Macronutrient Consumption Among Chinese Adults written by Zhehui Luo and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Chinese categories.
Three Essays On The Economics Of Obesity
DOWNLOAD
Author : Kathryn E. Parr
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Three Essays On The Economics Of Obesity written by Kathryn E. Parr and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
Essays On Food Waste And Consumer Demand Analysis
DOWNLOAD
Author : Yang Yu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Essays On Food Waste And Consumer Demand Analysis written by Yang Yu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
Unnecessary food waste is a global economic and environmental problem. In the United States alone, consumer welfare loss from food waste amounts to a massive $160 billion annually, which is about 30% of the total food supply. Moreover, discarded food is a major source of greenhouse gas emission globally, generating about 3.3 gigatons of carbon dioxide and methane each year. If regarded as a country, food waste is the third-largest carbon-emitting country after the U.S. and China. Despite the importance of the food-waste problem, researchers have had only limited success in studying the underlying issues behind food waste, partly because no public or private organization is measuring actual food waste on a wide scale. At best, researchers have been able to investigate food-waste issues either at the national level by comparing separate datasets on food consumption and food acquisition or at the small scale by conducting experiments or surveys. The three essays in this dissertation study attempts to fill this gap by (i) employing an indirect but creative method to examine household-level food waste in a national survey of food acquisition, thus allowing us to investigate how household characteristics are linked to the estimated levels of food waste, (ii) incorporating food waste into a theoretical model of household behavior, thereby showing that waste is a rational outcome of utility maximization and an important factor to account for in other models of household-level food behavior, and (iii) finding empirical evidence in consumer and market data that policy changes (i.e., extending the sell-by date on milk cartons) can and do reduce food waste. To overcome the lack of observed data on food waste, the first essay begins by formulating household food consumption as a production process that transforms food inputs into chemical energy required for the human body's metabolic process and physical activities. Household-level food waste is estimated as input inefficiency via a stochastic frontier production model. Applying the method to a nationally representative sample of households, the essay shows that on average, U.S. households waste about 31% of their food, and that this level of annual waste corresponds to $240 billion. In addition, by accommodating heterogeneous wasting behavior, the results indicate that healthier diets and higher income lead to more household food waste, whereas lower household food security, food-assistance program participation, and larger household sizes are associated with less food waste. The second essay shows that without modeling or at least partially accounting for wasting behavior, demand estimates in traditional models are potentially biased. The reason for the bias is that the omitted food waste is often a rational and heterogeneous choice made by households and linked to other consumer choices. This point is illustrated by both theoretical and empirical examples. Two structural approaches to identifying and estimating rational food waste are introduced. The first approach partially identifies the waste function through economic constraints. The second approach considers behavioral assumptions on household utility maximization. Taken together, these efforts represent one of the first attempts to incorporate food waste into utility-maximizing models of consumer behavior and provide useful estimates to study the rationales of wasting food. Policymakers could apply the models and utilize the results to calibrate the amounts of actual consumption and to find more effective mechanisms to incentivize food waste reduction. The third essay examines a real-world policy change that was intended to reduce food waste. Consumers often find sell-by labels confusing and misinterpret their meanings as "safe-until" dates. Consequently, a significant portion of perishable food is mismanaged and disposed of earlier than necessary. As an effort to reduce food waste, in September 2010, New York City's Board of Health repealed its regulation on sell-by dates of pasteurized milk products. This policy change, in effect, increased the shelf-life of milk from 9 days to about 15 days. Based on a theoretical model of rational food waste and various empirical verifications using micro-level scanner data, the essay finds that the city's new policy effectively reduced food waste by more than 10%. This result translates to a reduction in wasted milk of more than 5.2 million pounds annually in New York City, an approximately $3.4 million value. This study is the first to find empirical evidence that policy changes can reduce food waste.
Essays In Development And Health Economics
DOWNLOAD
Author : Tadeja Gracner
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Essays In Development And Health Economics written by Tadeja Gracner and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
This dissertation combines three projects, each analyzing how markets or individuals respond to different policy or environmental changes in low and middle income countries. Each study theoretically motivates the hypotheses of interest and combines novel data from a wide range of sources to test them. The first chapter examines the role of prices of foods, rich in different nutrients in the obesity and diet-related disease epidemic in Mexico. In response to the growing epidemic of obesity and diet-related chronic diseases, a number of governments are proposing taxes designed to reduce the consumption of unhealthy foods and thereby improve health outcomes. In this paper, I provide the first estimates of the effects of price changes of foods rich in sugar on the prevalence of obesity and diet-related chronic diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension. The analysis is made possible by rich longitudinal and nationally representative micro data on food prices and objective measures of health outcomes in Mexico for the period 1996-2010. I employ a unique bar-coded level price dataset with product-specific nutritional information combined with two datasets on health outcomes: (1) a state-level administrative dataset and (2) an individual panel dataset. Exploiting plausibly exogenous within-state variation in prices over time, I show that a decrease in the price of sugar-rich foods significantly increases the prevalence of abdominal obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. In addition, the least healthy and most impatient individuals seem to be more responsive to price changes, suggesting that time preferences are an important mechanism driving the results. Overall, the effect of sugar prices on the incidence of chronic diseases is large. Since the signing of NAFTA, I estimate that the reduction in prices of sugar-rich foods explains 20 percent of the increase in diabetes. The second chapter, joint work with Paul J. Gertler, identifies how junk food and soda taxes are passed through to consumer prices. I use a unique bar-code level price dataset with product-specific nutritional information and the introduction of junk food and soda taxes in Mexico in January 2014 to assess whether and how the excess tax burden is split between consumers and producers. Preliminary results suggests that pass-through is the strongest for sodas, followed by snacks, candy and cakes. For these products a full pass-through materializes within six months after the introduction of the tax. On average, the tax is not fully passed through to consumer prices in the case of cereal and cookies. However, the pass through is increasing over time for the latter, reaching a full pass-through by May 2014. We also observe large variation in pass-through across cities - from over to under shifting; hence observing decreases in consumer prices as well. Using price elasticities of health from Gracner (2015), a one time introduction of junk food and soda taxes in Mexico would imply approximately one and a half percentage point decrease in abdominal obesity and between a quarter to one half of a percentage point decrease in type II diabetes prevalence, under the assumption of a symmetric response to a price change. The third chapter, based on joint work with Paul J. Gertler, Marco Gonzalez-Navarro, and Alex D. Rothenberg, provides evidence of the effects of road quality on local economic activity using temporal variation generated by maintenance investments in roads. A long panel of firms and households allows us to shed light on the effects of road quality for pre-existing households and firms. Methodologically, we propose a new road quality instrument using a nationwide panel dataset of road surface roughness to predict road quality from temporal variation in budgets exogenously allocated to different road maintenance authorities. We first show that higher road network quality improves household consumption and income. We then show that this is partly due to job creation in the manufacturing sector. Third, we show evidence of an occupational shift from agriculture into manufacturing and higher profits for those who stay in agriculture. The gap in average income between agriculture and manufacturing employment is reduced with road quality but not eliminated. Because wages in the manufacturing sector do not change with road quality the results are consistent with dual labor markets in Indonesia.