Three Essays On Agricultural Policy And Development Economics
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Three Essays On Agricultural Policy And Development Economics
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Three Essays On Agricultural Policy And Development Economics written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
This dissertation analyzes three agricultural policies that have been implemented over the last decade in many developing countries. Although my analysis will be based on the Ethiopian and Colombian experiences, results can apply to other experiences in the developing countries. The first chapter analyzes how agricultural cooperatives in Ethiopia may benefit households in rural environments. In particular, I explore whether agricultural cooperatives in Ethiopia increase agricultural performance (i.e., profits per hectare and technical efficiency) and facilitate the use of different types of technologies. I find that cooperatives increase agricultural performance, and have a positive effect on the likelihood of participation in agricultural extension programs and pesticide use. However, cooperatives have a negative effect on the likelihood of adopting fixed-cost technologies such as soil conservation practices and irrigation systems. The second chapter analyzes the impact of the Public Works (PW) component of the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) in the agricultural regions of Ethiopia. In particular, based on a household model with two inputs, I explore the effects of the PW on capital and labor decisions using the Ethiopian Rural Household Surveys (ERHS) from 2004 and 2009. Findings indicate that the PW did not crowd-out adult labor on-farm but reduced child labor. Furthermore, there is no evidence suggesting that the program had any effect on the demand of capital inputs (such as units of livestock and the value of farming tools). The third chapter explores a financial instrument created to enhance agricultural productivity and encourage conversion to export-driven crops. In particular, this chapter analyzes an ambitious agricultural credit program directed to the rural poor in Colombia (Safe Income for Agriculture, or SIA) that hoped to improve agricultural productivity and competitiveness and reduce poverty and inequality. My analysis estimates the correlation of the program with agricultural outcomes at the state and crop level. Data suggest that the program benefited more medium- and large-scale farmers.
Three Essays On Trade And Development
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Author : Tereso S. Tullao
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1987
Three Essays On Trade And Development written by Tereso S. Tullao and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with Food supply categories.
Three Essays On Gender And Development Economics
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Author : Khushbu K. Mishra
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Three Essays On Gender And Development Economics written by Khushbu K. Mishra and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with Agriculture categories.
In this dissertation, I present three essays in which I explore how disparity in access to assets influences intra-household decisions and how risk and financial constraints influence differential gender decisions in agricultural investments, with an aim to formulate evidence-based policy solutions.
Essays On Agricultural Economy
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Author : G. B. Ayoola
language : en
Publisher: Xlibris Corporation
Release Date : 2018-12-06
Essays On Agricultural Economy written by G. B. Ayoola and has been published by Xlibris Corporation this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-12-06 with Business & Economics categories.
In particular, this book of essays is aimed at quenching the thirst of undergraduate and postgraduate students of agricultural economics in the institutions of higher learning at home and abroad for a quick reference book on Nigerian development, which they require for proper understanding of taught courses. In general, it is also aimed at dependent and independent professionals in the public and private sectors of the economy and development community at large, with a view to providing them with the institutional memory they require to demonstrate their expertise on the job much better. To this end, the book offers the benefit of many years of experience in teaching, research, and community services, through a menu of topics for profitable reading about the inner mechanisms of the policy process for agricultural development of the country in real time. Herein is strenuously articulated the systematic outputs of disciplined hard work spanning three decades, from 1988 to 2018, including the last ten years of active engagements in policy advocacy outside the university system. The menu of nonexperimental writings provides information about the seemingly dry area of agricultural historiography of the country embedded in a series of analytical thoughts and expositions on performance of successive programs and projects for developing the agricultural economy.
Three Essays In Development Economics
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Author : Joshua Gill
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Three Essays In Development Economics written by Joshua Gill and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Electronic dissertations categories.
The number of people living in poverty is still very high and the progress we have made so far has been very uneven across countries, regions, and subgroups of people. Given that most of the rural poor derive their livelihood from agriculture, it has the potential to serve as a very potent tool for achieving the dual goals of poverty reduction and shared prosperity. However, the internal and external constraints faced by these households limit upward mobility. The three essays in this dissertation study how the rural poor in Pakistan make choices and how better program design can alleviate the constraints they face. The first essay investigates the participation decision of smallholder paddy farmers in a Warehouse Receipts Financing (WRF) program which can mitigate their credit and storage constraints, allowing them to increase their incomes. We a discrete choice experiment approach to study the decision-making process and find risk aversion and transaction cost erode the benefits for smallholder farmers making it an unattractive prospect. We find that likelihood of participation can be increased through better contract design which lower cost of participation and reduce exposure to price uncertainty. These findings have important implications for the optimal design of warehouse receipt financing contracts, as well as their general feasibility for marketing to small farmers. It also highlights that programs aimed to uplift smallholder farmers should not only address constraints of circumstance (e.g. access) but also internal constraints (e.g. risk aversion). The second essay aims to alleviate information constraints regrading fertilizer usage as its indiscriminate and faulty use can affect soil health. Evidence shows that soil quality in Pakistan has been deteriorating which can be partially explain by poor nutrient management. In this study we conducted soil tests and provided recommendations on use of organic and inorganic fertilizer.This study uses an experimental design with two treatment arms and a control group which received no information and its soil was not tested. The base treatment provided farmers with information on their soil health and recommended fertilizer use condition on the crops they cultivate. The second treatment arm complemented this information with a peer comparison which was used an encouragement mechanism to improve the efficacy of information provided. The study highlights some important constraints to information dissemination and provides some evidence on the use of peer comparison as a potential tool to improve efficacy of information campaigns. We see a statistically significant increase in manure usage and a heterogenous impact on Urea use but no impact on the overall fertilizer use. We find that farmers they were already using close to the recommended amount (within 1 bag deviation) increased their urea application rate. These findings suggest two underlying mechanisms at play. First, it alludes to liquidity constraints as farmers increased manure use which is cheap and those who could already afford higher quantities of Urea were able to respond to the recommendation of increasing application rates. The fact that we do not see impact on DAP further gives credence to this assumption as DAP is close to 3 times the cost of Urea. Alternatively, it could be that farmers who were away from the suggested fertilizer amounts did not trust the recommendations. The third essay studies the dynamics of warehouse receipts financing (WRF) demand by small scale risk averse farmers in Pakistan. A dynamic model is used to investigate how risk and time preferences, transaction costs, and uncertainty reduce demand for WRF, and even lead to non-participation in the program. The model is calibrated and solved for a representative small-scale farmer that grows paddy. Results show high transaction costs to be a major barrier to participation. Similarly, expectations about future prices also affect participation which drops to zero if the subjective probability of prices falling goes beyond 10 percent.
Agricultural Change Environment And Economy
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Author : Keith Hoggart
language : en
Publisher: Burns & Oates
Release Date : 1992
Agricultural Change Environment And Economy written by Keith Hoggart and has been published by Burns & Oates this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with Business & Economics categories.
Examines the relationships between the development of agriculture, environmental conditions, and the character of national economies, synthesizing and comparing studies from the Third World, advanced capitalist economies, and Eastern Europe to distill fundamental patterns. Among the themes are the impact of production techniques on both agriculture and the environment, and how farm production processes are affected by factors in other areas of the economy and by political influences. Of interest to readers in development, farm policy, or economics. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Three Essays In Development Economics
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Author : Jessica Ellen Leight
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Three Essays In Development Economics written by Jessica Ellen Leight and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
This thesis seeks to analyze two questions central to the economic welfare of rural households in developing countries: the trade-offs between equity and efficiency induced by hybrid forms of property rights, and the decisions made by households in the process of human capital accumulation, particularly in early childhood. The first two chapters examine the impact of periodic land reallocations and tenancy reforms in China and India, respectively, on intravillage land inequality and the investment decisions made by rural households. The final chapter turns the focus to inequality within the household, analyzing how intrahousehold allocation of educational resources in rural China responds to inequities in endowment between children. In the first chapter, I evaluate the impact of village-level land reallocations in China on household economic outcomes. Since land was decollectivized in China in 1983, village leaders have implemented regular forced reallocations of land designed to enhance intravillage equity and attain other policy goals. I estimate the impact of insecure tenure using the past history of land shifts as an instrument for current tenure insecurity, and find that an increase in the probability of losing the current plot yields a decrease in agricultural inputs and production of around one standard deviation. Though the costs of insecure tenure are high, structural estimates of the varying cost of reallocation across different villages suggest the choice to reallocate does reflect an optimizing process on the part of village officials, who reallocate where the net benefit is larger. However, the observed pattern of reallocations would be optimal only given an objective function for the village leader that places an extremely high weight on equity, and even given this objective function, there is evidence that village leaders may be making some costly mistakes. In the second chapter, coauthored with Timothy Besley, Rohini Pande and Vijayendra Rao, we seek to analyze the long-run impact of land reform in southern India. Though land reform policies have been widely enacted across the developing world, evidence about the long-run impact of these policies remains quite limited. In this paper, we provide evidence about these long-run effects by combining the quasi-random assignment of linguistically similar areas to South Indian states that subsequently pursued different tenancy regulation policies with cross-caste variation in landownership. Roughly thirty years after the bulk of land reform occurred, land inequality is lower in more regulated areas, but the impact differs by caste group. Tenancy reforms increase own-cultivation among middle caste households, but render low caste households more likely to work as daily agricultural laborers. At the same time, an increase in agricultural wages is observed. These results are consistent with credit markets playing a central role in determining the long-run impact of land reform: tenancy regulations increased land sales to the relatively richer and more productive middle caste tenants but reduced land access for poorer low caste tenants. In the final chapter, I analyze the strategies employed by households in rural China to allocate educational expenditure to children of different initial endowments, examining whether parents use educational funding to reinforce or compensate for these differences. Empirical results obtained employing early-childhood climatic shocks as an instrument for endowment, measured as height-for-age, indicate that parental expenditure is preferentially directed to the relatively weaker child. In response to the mean difference in endowment between siblings, parents redirect between 10 and 20% of discretionary educational spending to the child with lower endowment, and this effect is robust across multiple measures of endowment and multiple measures of climatic shocks. This analysis is consistent with the hypothesis that parents use the intrahousehold allocation of resources to compensate for differences in endowment and thus in expected welfare, between their children.
Three Essays In Development And Health Economics
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Author : Shamma Adeeb Alam
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Three Essays In Development And Health Economics written by Shamma Adeeb Alam and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
This dissertation is on three essays on issues in development and health economics. In these essays, I try to examine how different health issues affect economic outcomes and vice versa. I examine individual and household responses to different economic and health issues in Bangladesh and Tanzania. In the first two chapters, I examine how different shocks affect family's fertility decisions and decision to make investments on their children in Tanzania. In the third chapter, I examine how information regarding dangers of pesticide affects the likelihood of pesticide exposure for farmers in Bangladesh. In the first chapter, I examine how parental illness affects child labor and schooling outcomes using panel data from Tanzania. Prior literature provides limited empirical evidence on the impact of parental illness on child labor and schooling outcomes. I examine if parental illness causes households to reallocate children's time from school to work. I find that a father's illness hinders child schooling by decreasing attendance and hours spent in school. These effects on schooling are substantially greater for severe illnesses. There is also evidence that a father's illness has long-term impact on child education, as it decreases their likelihood of completing primary school and leads to fewer total years of schooling. However, a father's illness has no effect on child labor. In contrast, a mother's illness does not affect child education, but does cause a small increase in children's work. Surprisingly, parental illness does not have a differential impact by children's gender. Additionally, illness of other household members, such as grandparents, adult siblings, and child siblings, has no effect on children's schooling. Thus, overall, there is no evidence that parental illness or illness of other household members affects children's schooling through increased child labor. Instead, the results suggest that only illness of fathers, who are typically the primary income earners in Tanzanian households, reduces household income and severely decreases the family's ability to afford child education. In the second chapter, which is a joint work with Claus Portner, we examine the relationship between household income shocks and fertility decisions. Using panel data from Tanzania, we estimate the impact of agricultural shocks on contraception use, pregnancy, and the likelihood of childbirth. To account for unobserved household characteristics that potentially affect both shocks and fertility decisions we employ a fixed effects model. Households significantly increase their contraception use in response to income shocks from crop loss. Furthermore, pregnancies and childbirth are significantly delayed for households experiencing a crop shock. We argue that these changes in behavior are the result of deliberate decisions of the households rather than income shocks' effects on other factors that in influence fertility, such as women's health status, the absence or migration of spouse, and dissolution of partnerships. In the third chapter, which is a joint work with Hendrik Wolff, we examine how different information sources influence precautionary behavior when using pesticide and likelihood of pesticide exposure. Modern agriculture heavily depends on the use of pesticides and has successfully increased productivity, but also led to increasing concerns regarding farmers' health. Mishandling of pesticides continues to pose a serious health problem for farmers especially in developing countries. This chapter describes supply side and demand side regulations for pesticide handling, health outcomes and adoption of health technologies using a detailed household level dataset from Bangladesh. The dataset is unique as it spans the chain from: `where do farmers obtain information from', `which precautionary tools (i.e. masks, gloves) are used' and `what are subsequent health outcomes after spraying'. Previous studies hypothesized that pesticide sellers in developing countries misguide farmers regarding pesticide use. On the other hand, government field extension workers reduce pesticide exposure by training farmers in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques. In our dataset we cannot confirm these hypotheses. In contrast, we find that those famers that use information from pesticide sellers increase the adoption of precautionary tools. These same farmers also enjoy subsequently improved health outcomes. Further, our results show that the agricultural extension program does not significantly impact technology adoption or health. We find instead evidence of social learning as peer farmers, especially those trained in handling pesticides, have a substantial influence. We conclude with policy recommendations.
Three Essays In Environmental And Development Economics
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Author : Solène Masson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Three Essays In Environmental And Development Economics written by Solène Masson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
Deforestation in Brazil has been a growing phenomenon since the 1970s', whose acceleration is mainly due to the agricultural expansion and infrastructure development such as roads. In order to reduce incentive to deforest, authorities promoted several sets of environmental conservation programs.Understanding the effects of such policy interventions both on environmental (intensity of deforestation, economic mechanisms) and socio-economic issues (effect on poverty, effect on local population development) is essential if public policies are to be put in place in an efficient way.Nevertheless, access to spatial, economic and social data due to the size of the Brazilian Amazon makes impact evaluation challenging. This thesis is organized around two themes: spatial analysis, impact evaluation analysis. The creation of an original database at an aggregation level that is, as far as we know, very little studied allows us to extend research on both environmental and socio-economic analyses of environmental public policies.
Essays On Agricultural Technology Adoption Value Chain Development And Intra Household Decision Making
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Author : Cansin Arslan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Essays On Agricultural Technology Adoption Value Chain Development And Intra Household Decision Making written by Cansin Arslan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
While considerable progress has been made over the last 30 years in poverty reduction, about ten percent of the people in the world still live in extreme poverty. It is the field of economics that formulate theories, devise methods, and make empirical analyses that inform policies and practices to reduce poverty and improve welfare in developing countries. This dissertation consists of three essays at the intersection of development and agricultural economics. Each essay has its own introduction, methods, results, and conclusion section. The essays share a common ground in that they are bas...