Three Essays On Agricultural Trade And Policy
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Three Essays On Agricultural Trade And Policy
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Author : Byung Min Soon
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Three Essays On Agricultural Trade And Policy written by Byung Min Soon and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
The first essay introduces a new method to measure non-tariff barriers (NTBs). NTBs to agricultural trade are believed to have increased while tariffs fell. Hence, measuring NTBs is important and several alternative methods have been used. I develop a method that combines cointegration tests and an equilibrium model. These seemingly disparate methods are used to estimate the size of NTBs and to assess their economic impact. I apply our method to the Russian chicken import ban and find larger impacts compared to a common method based on price gaps. This new method can help trade policy analysts convert implicit economic assumptions of cointegration test results into explicit NTB measures that can explain the observed pattern in time series price data and estimate their impacts. The second essay examines the impact of the impacts of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) outbreak in the U.S. on the Japanese beef market. The time-varying Armington model allows us to examine how the BSE outbreak affected the elasticity of substitution and the country of origin bias. Moreover, I estimate beef demands in the case that the BSE outbreak did not occur. The BSE outbreak caused higher demand for Australian beef and lower demand for U.S. beef, while domestic beef demand was only modestly affected. Specifically, the outbreak affected imported frozen beef demands more than imported chilled beef demands. The third essay explores the impact of tariff rate quota (TRQ) on the Korean rice market. Korea replaced its rice import quota with a TRQ in 2015. A structural model representing the Korean rice market is developed to evaluate this new trade policy and examine the possibility of Korean rice imports under uncertainty. Results indicate that rice imports in excess of the current TRQ quantity are unlikely for a range of market conditions. Two scenarios, which are the over-quota tariff rate reduction and the Minimum Market Access (MMA) quantity expansion, show how the market responds to policy changes. In addition, Korean rice imports are sensitive to consumer preferences for different rice types.
Three Essays On The Impact Of International Trade Policy On Agricultural Input Markets
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Author : Lei Lei
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Three Essays On The Impact Of International Trade Policy On Agricultural Input Markets written by Lei Lei and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
This dissertation provides a thorough analysis of the impact of international trade policy on agricultural input markets. International agricultural trade are often affected by policies in importing and exporting countries. These policies can be directly or indirectly imposed on the production inputs. It is important to understand the markets’ responses in both importing and exporting countries to the policies changes through vertical linkages between the input and output markets. This dissertation provides three essays to study this topic from the prospective of importer, exporter, input market, output market, and trade negotiation mechanism. Essay 1 studies a European Union trade policy induced technological innovation, specifically on its impact on the U.S. apple markets. I adopt the Ex Ante approach to simulate the market reaction to both the European Union policy change and the technological innovation. The research finds that the policy induced technological innovation benefits the outputs that are intensive in the policy affected input. The methodology and conclusion contribute to research on markets with highly differentiated products. Essay 2 is motivated by the decade-long cotton dispute between Brazil and the United States. The dispute was arbitrated based on several domestic policies of the United States. This chapter analyzes the impact of a U.S. domestic policy on 1) land re-allocation with a difference-in difference model; 2) international cotton trade between the United States and the rest of world including Brazil with a partial equilibrium simulation model. Based on the analysis, I find limited policy impact of removing this particularly U.S. domestic policy on international cotton trade. The result is consistent to the World Trade Organization arbitration of the dispute. Essay 3 summarizes three most common methods of quantifying the trade impact of non-tariff trade measures in the literature. I carefully compare the advantages and disadvantages between each method. A guidance of how to choose an appropriate method based on the characteristic of a non-tariff trade measure is summarized. To illustrate the guidance, I show a real example of apple trade with non-tariff trade measure imposed by the European Union.
Current Issues In Global Agricultural And Trade Policy Essays In Honour Of Timothy E Josling
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Author : David Blandford
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 2021-02-02
Current Issues In Global Agricultural And Trade Policy Essays In Honour Of Timothy E Josling written by David Blandford and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-02-02 with Business & Economics categories.
Current Issues in Global Agricultural and Trade Policy presents an authoritative perspective on matters that will contribute to the future shape of global markets for agricultural products. Written by a rare grouping of eminent and globally leading agricultural economists from a wide variety of backgrounds, the book provides an analytical overview of the academic and professional work of the late Timothy E Josling, an outstanding intellectual innovator.Areas covered in the book include farm policies of the EU and the USA, analysis of farm support and its effects, US trade policy for agricultural products, analysis of food security, implications of sanitary and phytosanitary measures, and relevance of geographical indications in international trade. The implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for agricultural trade policy are discussed in an endnote. This book throws light on some of the most impressive achievements of the agricultural economics profession.
Three Essays On Trade And Development
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Author : Tereso S. Tullao
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1987
Three Essays On Trade And Development written by Tereso S. Tullao and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with Food supply categories.
Three Essays On International Trade And Policy
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Author : Bowen Chen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Three Essays On International Trade And Policy written by Bowen Chen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
International trade in agricultural and food commodities has grown rapidly during the past five decades, with increasingly more countries participating in the international mar- kets either as food importers or as food exporters. Despite the fast growth, international agricultural trade, however, is still largely affected by various policy distortions. This is especially the case in developing countries, in which opening to the international market is often perceived to be in conflict with their policy objectives of ensuring food security. In this context, this dissertation constitutes three essays toward better understanding of how international trade is affected by policy and how it can affect food security in developing countries. The first essay conducts a case study with quantitative analysis regarding the trade policy for grain commodities in China. Specifically, China emerged as a grain importing country in mid 2000s. In 2016, the U.S., a major grain exporter, launched a trade dispute against China at the World Trade Organization, arguing that China has been restricting its grain imports via tariff quota administration. Despite the criticism of the U.S., little do we know about the extent to which the grain imports in China were actually restricted by its trade policy, mainly because China's grain import behaviors have not been sufficiently studied. For instance, even the import demand elasticity, a key input into policy assessment, is unknown. To fill this gap in the literature, this article investigates impacts of the tariff quota administration on China's grain imports from its trading partners. We estimate import demand elasticity for each grain commodity using a source differentiated import demand model and then use the elasticity estimates to quantify the policy impacts on trade. In particular, the tariff quota administration is treated as a non tariff barrier and measured by ad valorem tariff equivalents in the model. We find that the tariff quota administration might have reduced the quota fill rates for the grain commodities by 10-35% during 2013-2017 in China, and that the wheat imports from the U.S. were largely negatively affected. We also find that the tariff quota administration acts like an import variable levy - its import restrictiveness varies negatively with world prices, leading to lower import demand elasticities. The second essay concerns the trade impacts on food price variability in developing countries. In particular, we are interested in this question: do food imports increase the variability of domestic food prices? The question matters because if imports destabilize domestic prices, storing crops for future consumption may prove an appealing strategy to cope with the adverse supply effects of a more unstable climate. Unfortunately, public storage has proven to be unsustainable due to the high costs of carrying crop inventories over time and the inability of policy planners to correctly forecast changes in domestic supply. In this context, it is important to understand the roles of both imports and stocks in affecting domestic food price variability. Using maize prices observed in 76 maize markets of 27 maize net importers across Africa, Asia and Latin America during 2000-2015, we find that, on average, a 1% increase in the ratio of imports to total consumption is correlated with a 0.29% reduction of the intra-annual coefficient of variation of maize prices; likewise a 1% increase in the amount of maize available in stocks at the beginning of the season is correlated with a 0.22% reduction in the said coefficient. We also find that climate-induced supply shocks toward mid-century may increase maize price variability in the focus countries by around 10%. These increases, however, could be offset with similar increases in the ratio of imports to total consumption or in the stock-to-use ratio at the beginning of the crop marketing year. The third essay also concerns the trade impacts on food price variability in developing countries. Rather than focusing on the roles of imports and stocks, we look into the effects of foreign yield shocks on domestic food price variability in this essay. Around two thirds of developing countries are now net food importers. While enjoying economical food in the international market, these countries have become increasingly more concerned that their food price stability is now vulnerable to foreign yield shocks, which are expected to grow in frequency and intensity in the future due to the climate change. Yet, the extent to which foreign yield shocks could affect food price stability in the food-importing countries have not been explicitly quantified in previous studies. This article aims to fill the gap by estimating the effects of foreign maize yield shocks on domestic maize price variability. We perform the analysis using price data of 74 maize markets in 24 net food-importing countries during 2000-2016. We find that positive foreign yield shocks have negative effects on domestic price variability, meaning that domestic prices become more stable under positive foreign yield shocks. Negative foreign yield shocks, however, do not have significant effects on domestic price variability, except for causing higher price variability in a few landlocked countries. We also find that domestic maize price variability could increase in the coming decades due to the increasing variability of maize yields under climate change. Yet, most focus countries seem to have accumulated stocks sufficient enough to maintain stable prices. We conclude that food-importing countries benefit from the international market in domestic price stability, and that storage could be an effective policy tool to complement international trade for price stabilization.
Three Essays On International Trade
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Author : Jeheung Ryu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Three Essays On International Trade written by Jeheung Ryu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Agriculture categories.
"In the first essay of my dissertation, I examine how agricultural support affects the design of preferential trade agreements (PTAs). I hypothesize that democratic institutions that over-represent rural interests create incentives for leaders to negotiate flexible trade agreements to respond to the concerns of their agricultural constituents. To validate this argument, I construct a measure of flexibility using a Bayesian item response theory that treats flexibility as a latent characteristic of trade agreements. With this index and panel data covering 648 PTAs signed from 1948-2017, I find that political leaders are more likely to introduce flexibility provisions when entering into trade agreements as they confer more agricultural subsidies to farmers. Instrumental variables regression indicates that most of the effect of agricultural subsidies on flexibility provisions is attributable to rural malapportionment. In the second essay, I study which firm-level factors influence government's decisions to protect firms from increased import in the United States. After opening up domestic markets for more competition by making PTAs, the government seeks to protect "losers of trade" by providing financial assistance or imposing tariffs against competitors. Using a novel firm-level data I gathered, I find that firms' corporate political activity plays an important role in receiving government assistance and tariff protection. In addition, focusing on firms' geographic location, I find that firms located in US counties in which incumbent politicians lose the vote share in the last presidential election are more likely to receive the supports from government. The results imply that firm lobbying and geopolitical location influence government's trade protection policy. In the final essay, I consider the role of third parties in the WTO dispute settlement process and investigate how they contribute to the legalization of the WTO. Using an original dataset, covering all WTO disputes from 1995 to 2012, I find that third parties have heterogeneous motivations for participation and have different effects on dispute settlement and compliance. In particular, third parties that claim to have "systemic interests" help to accelerate dispute resolution and make respondents more likely to comply with rulings"--Pages viii-ix.
Three Essays In Agricultural Economics
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
Three Essays In Agricultural Economics written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with categories.
Agriculture And Internationl Relations
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Author : Hartwig De Haen
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 1985-06-18
Agriculture And Internationl Relations written by Hartwig De Haen and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985-06-18 with Business & Economics categories.
Agriculture And International Relations
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Author : Theodor Heidhues
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1985
Agriculture And International Relations written by Theodor Heidhues and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985 with Business & Economics categories.
Essays on agricultural economics, agricultural policy and international relations - focusing on Western Europe, USA and Pacific, demonstrates how trade barriers, protectionism and export restrictions destabilize international trade structure; shows that economic analysis and economic modelling contribute to agricultural and trade policy improvement; considers alternative food policy to improve North South trade relations, operated through national level programmes and supported by international cooperation. References, statistical tables.
Three Essays In Agricultural Economics
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Author : Clement Allan Tisdell
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1984
Three Essays In Agricultural Economics written by Clement Allan Tisdell and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1984 with Agriculture categories.