Time Complexity Analysis
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Time Complexity Analysis
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Author : Ue Kiao
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021-08-29
Time Complexity Analysis written by Ue Kiao and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-08-29 with categories.
This book "Time Complexity Analysis" introduces you to the basics of Time Complexity notations, meaning of the Complexity values and How to analyze various Algorithmic problems. This book includes Time and Space Complexity cheat sheets at the end as a bonus resource. We have tackled several significant problems and demonstrated the approach to analyze them and arrived at the Time and Space Complexity of the problems and Algorithms. This is a MUST-READ book for all Computer Science students and Programmers. Do not miss this opportunity. You will get a better idea to judge which approach will work better and will be able to make better judgements in your development work. See the "Table of content" to get the list of exciting topics you will learn about. Some of the key points you will understand: Random Access Memory does not take O(1) time. It is complicated and in general, has a Time Complexity of O(√N). Multiplication takes O(N^2) time, but the most optimal Algorithm (developed in 2019) takes O(N logN) time which is believed to be the theoretical limit. As per Time Complexity, finding the largest element and the i-th largest element takes the same order of time. It is recommended that you go through this book twice. First time, you may skip the minute details that you may not understand at first go and get the overview. In the second reading, you will get all the ideas, and this will strengthen your insights. In 1950s, Computing was not a Science. It was a collective effort by several Computer Scientists such as Robert Tarjan and Philippe Flajolet who analyzed several computational problems to demonstrate that Computation Problems are equally complicated as Physics and Mathematics Problems. The ideas captured in this book include some of these analyses which glorified Computer Science and made it a Scientific field. Book: Time Complexity Analysis Authors: Aditya Chatterjee; Ue Kiao, PhD. Contributors (7): Vansh Pratap Singh, Shreya Shah, Vikram Shishupalsingh Bais, Mallika Dey, Siddhant Rao, Shweta Bhardwaj, K. Sai Drishya. Table of content: 1. Introduction to Time and Space Complexity (+ different notations) 2. How to calculate Time Complexity? 3. Meaning of different Time Complexity 4. Brief Background on NP and P 5. Does O(1) time exist?: Cost of accessing Memory 6. Time Complexity of Basic Arithmetic Operations 6.1. Bitwise operations 6.2. Addition 6.3. Subtraction 6.4. Multiplication 6.5. Division 7. Analysis of Array 8. Analysis of Dynamic Array 9. Find largest element 10. Find Second largest element 11. Find i-th largest element 12. Time Complexity Bound for comparison-based sorting 12.1. Analysis of Selection Sort 12.2. Analysis of Insertion Sort 12.3. Analysis of Bubble Sort 12.4. Analysis of Quick Sort 13. Bound for non-comparison-based sorting 13.1. Analysis of Counting Sort 13.2. Analysis of Bucket Sort 14. Analysis of Linked List 15. Analysis of Hash functions 16. Analysis of Binary Search 17. Time and Space Complexity Cheat Sheets There is no other book that cover these topics. Many students have several misconceptions which are resolved with the book. Read this book and level up.
Computational Complexity
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1998
Computational Complexity written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Computational complexity categories.
Classic Graph Problems Made Temporal A Parameterized Complexity Analysis
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Author : Molter, Hendrik
language : en
Publisher: Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin
Release Date : 2020
Classic Graph Problems Made Temporal A Parameterized Complexity Analysis written by Molter, Hendrik and has been published by Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Computers categories.
This thesis investigates the parameterized computational complexity of six classic graph problems lifted to a temporal setting. More specifically, we consider problems defined on temporal graphs, that is, a graph where the edge set may change over a discrete time interval, while the vertex set remains unchanged. Temporal graphs are well-suited to model dynamic data and hence they are naturally motivated in contexts where dynamic changes or time-dependent interactions play an important role, such as, for example, communication networks, social networks, or physical proximity networks. The most important selection criteria for our problems was that they are well-motivated in the context of dynamic data analysis. Since temporal graphs are mathematically more complex than static graphs, it is maybe not surprising that all problems we consider in this thesis are NP-hard. We focus on the development of exact algorithms, where our goal is to obtain fixed-parameter tractability results, and refined computational hardness reductions that either show NP-hardness for very restricted input instances or parameterized hardness with respect to “large” parameters. In the context of temporal graphs, we mostly consider structural parameters of the underlying graph, that is, the graph obtained by ignoring all time information. However, we also consider parameters of other types, such as ones trying to measure how fast the temporal graph changes over time. In the following we briefly discuss the problem setting and the main results. Restless Temporal Paths. A path in a temporal graph has to respect causality, or time, which means that the edges used by a temporal path have to appear at non-decreasing times. We investigate temporal paths that additionally have a maximum waiting time in every vertex of the temporal graph. Our main contributions are establishing NP-hardness for the problem of finding restless temporal paths even in very restricted cases, and showing W[1]-hardness with respect to the feedback vertex number of the underlying graph. Temporal Separators. A temporal separator is a vertex set that, when removed from the temporal graph, destroys all temporal paths between two dedicated vertices. Our contribution here is twofold: Firstly, we investigate the computational complexity of finding temporal separators in temporal unit interval graphs, a generalization of unit interval graphs to the temporal setting. We show that the problem is NP-hard on temporal unit interval graphs but we identify an additional restriction which makes the problem solvable in polynomial time. We use the latter result to develop a fixed-parameter algorithm with a “distance-to-triviality” parameterization. Secondly, we show that finding temporal separators that destroy all restless temporal paths is Σ-P-2-hard. Temporal Matchings. We introduce a model for matchings in temporal graphs, where, if two vertices are matched at some point in time, then they have to “recharge” afterwards, meaning that they cannot be matched again for a certain number of time steps. In our main result we employ temporal line graphs to show that finding matchings is NP-hard even on instances where the underlying graph is a path. Temporal Coloring. We lift the classic graph coloring problem to the temporal setting. In our model, every edge has to be colored properly (that is,the endpoints are colored differently) at least once in every time interval of a certain length. We show that this problem is NP-hard in very restricted cases, even if we only have two colors. We present simple exponential-time algorithms to solve this problem. As a main contribution, we show that these algorithms presumably cannot be improved significantly. Temporal Cliques and s-Plexes. We propose a model for temporal s-plexes that is a canonical generalization of an existing model for temporal cliques. Our main contribution is a fixed-parameter algorithm that enumerates all maximal temporal s-plexes in a given temporal graph, where we use a temporal adaptation of degeneracy as a parameter. Temporal Cluster Editing. We present a model for cluster editing in temporal graphs, where we want to edit all “layers” of a temporal graph into cluster graphs that are sufficiently similar. Our main contribution is a fixed-parameter algorithm with respect to the parameter “number of edge modifications” plus the “measure of similarity” of the resulting clusterings. We further show that there is an efficient preprocessing procedure that can provably reduce the size of the input instance to be independent of the number of vertices of the original input instance.
Average Time Complexity Of Decision Trees
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Author : Igor Chikalov
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2011-08-04
Average Time Complexity Of Decision Trees written by Igor Chikalov and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-08-04 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Decision tree is a widely used form of representing algorithms and knowledge. Compact data models and fast algorithms require optimization of tree complexity. This book is a research monograph on average time complexity of decision trees. It generalizes several known results and considers a number of new problems. The book contains exact and approximate algorithms for decision tree optimization, and bounds on minimum average time complexity of decision trees. Methods of combinatorics, probability theory and complexity theory are used in the proofs as well as concepts from various branches of discrete mathematics and computer science. The considered applications include the study of average depth of decision trees for Boolean functions from closed classes, the comparison of results of the performance of greedy heuristics for average depth minimization with optimal decision trees constructed by dynamic programming algorithm, and optimization of decision trees for the corner point recognition problem from computer vision. The book can be interesting for researchers working on time complexity of algorithms and specialists in test theory, rough set theory, logical analysis of data and machine learning.
A Guide To Algorithm Design
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Author : Anne Benoit
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2013-08-27
A Guide To Algorithm Design written by Anne Benoit and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-08-27 with Computers categories.
Presenting a complementary perspective to standard books on algorithms, A Guide to Algorithm Design: Paradigms, Methods, and Complexity Analysis provides a roadmap for readers to determine the difficulty of an algorithmic problem by finding an optimal solution or proving complexity results. It gives a practical treatment of algorithmic complexity and guides readers in solving algorithmic problems. Divided into three parts, the book offers a comprehensive set of problems with solutions as well as in-depth case studies that demonstrate how to assess the complexity of a new problem. Part I helps readers understand the main design principles and design efficient algorithms. Part II covers polynomial reductions from NP-complete problems and approaches that go beyond NP-completeness. Part III supplies readers with tools and techniques to evaluate problem complexity, including how to determine which instances are polynomial and which are NP-hard. Drawing on the authors’ classroom-tested material, this text takes readers step by step through the concepts and methods for analyzing algorithmic complexity. Through many problems and detailed examples, readers can investigate polynomial-time algorithms and NP-completeness and beyond.
Applied Asymptotic Analysis
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Author : Peter David Miller
language : en
Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.
Release Date : 2006
Applied Asymptotic Analysis written by Peter David Miller and has been published by American Mathematical Soc. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Approximation theory categories.
This book is a survey of asymptotic methods set in the current applied research context of wave propagation. It stresses rigorous analysis in addition to formal manipulations. Asymptotic expansions developed in the text are justified rigorously, and students are shown how to obtain solid error estimates for asymptotic formulae. The book relates examples and exercises to subjects of current research interest, such as the problem of locating the zeros of Taylor polynomials of entirenonvanishing functions and the problem of counting integer lattice points in subsets of the plane with various geometrical properties of the boundary. The book is intended for a beginning graduate course on asymptotic analysis in applied mathematics and is aimed at students of pure and appliedmathematics as well as science and engineering. The basic prerequisite is a background in differential equations, linear algebra, advanced calculus, and complex variables at the level of introductory undergraduate courses on these subjects. The book is ideally suited to the needs of a graduate student who, on the one hand, wants to learn basic applied mathematics, and on the other, wants to understand what is needed to make the various arguments rigorous. Down here in the Village, this is knownas the Courant point of view!! --Percy Deift, Courant Institute, New York Peter D. Miller is an associate professor of mathematics at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. He earned a Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics from the University of Arizona and has held positions at the Australian NationalUniversity (Canberra) and Monash University (Melbourne). His current research interests lie in singular limits for integrable systems.
Computational Complexity
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Author : Sanjeev Arora
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2009-04-20
Computational Complexity written by Sanjeev Arora and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-04-20 with Computers categories.
New and classical results in computational complexity, including interactive proofs, PCP, derandomization, and quantum computation. Ideal for graduate students.
Computer Aided Verification
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Author : Ahmed Bouajjani
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2009-06-19
Computer Aided Verification written by Ahmed Bouajjani and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-06-19 with Computers categories.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computer Aided Verification, CAV 2009, held in Grenoble, France, in June/July 2009. The 36 revised full papers presented together with 16 tool papers and 4 invited talks and 4 invited tutorials were carefully reviewed and selected from 135 regular paper and 34 tool paper submissions. The papers are dedicated to the advancement of the theory and practice of computer-aided formal analysis methods for hardware and software systems; their scope ranges from theoretical results to concrete applications, with an emphasis on practical verification tools and the underlying algorithms and techniques.
Computational Complexity Of Some Optimization Problems In Planning
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Author : Meysam Aghighi
language : en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date : 2017-05-17
Computational Complexity Of Some Optimization Problems In Planning written by Meysam Aghighi and has been published by Linköping University Electronic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-05-17 with categories.
Automated planning is known to be computationally hard in the general case. Propositional planning is PSPACE-complete and first-order planning is undecidable. One method for analyzing the computational complexity of planning is to study restricted subsets of planning instances, with the aim of differentiating instances with varying complexity. We use this methodology for studying the computational complexity of planning. Finding new tractable (i.e. polynomial-time solvable) problems has been a particularly important goal for researchers in the area. The reason behind this is not only to differentiate between easy and hard planning instances, but also to use polynomial-time solvable instances in order to construct better heuristic functions and improve planners. We identify a new class of tractable cost-optimal planning instances by restricting the causal graph. We study the computational complexity of oversubscription planning (such as the net-benefit problem) under various restrictions and reveal strong connections with classical planning. Inspired by this, we present a method for compiling oversubscription planning problems into the ordinary plan existence problem. We further study the parameterized complexity of cost-optimal and net-benefit planning under the same restrictions and show that the choice of numeric domain for the action costs has a great impact on the parameterized complexity. We finally consider the parameterized complexity of certain problems related to partial-order planning. In some applications, less restricted plans than total-order plans are needed. Therefore, a partial-order plan is being used instead. When dealing with partial-order plans, one important question is how to achieve optimal partial order plans, i.e. having the highest degree of freedom according to some notion of flexibility. We study several optimization problems for partial-order plans, such as finding a minimum deordering or reordering, and finding the minimum parallel execution length.
Beyond The Worst Case Analysis Of Algorithms
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Author : Tim Roughgarden
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2021-01-14
Beyond The Worst Case Analysis Of Algorithms written by Tim Roughgarden and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-01-14 with Computers categories.
Introduces exciting new methods for assessing algorithms for problems ranging from clustering to linear programming to neural networks.