Towards Improving The Manure Management Chain

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Towards Improving The Manure Management Chain

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016

Towards Improving The Manure Management Chain written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.

Improving Manure Management

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022

Improving Manure Management written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.

Animal manure was a scarce and valuable resource in history. However, with the relatively cheap and easy handle synthetic fertilizers becoming easily available, livestock manure has turned from a resource into a waste or a pollutant to the environment, especially in industrial size farms or regions with high livestock density. Chinese livestock production has been developing quickly towards specialized intensive production in recent years. Most of the intensive farms has little or no cropland, which making manure management and utilization complex and difficult. The large amount of manure excreted and unproperly managed has cause a lot of social and environmental problems such as ammonia (NH3) emissions, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and water eutrophication. These increasing environmental problems have attracted attentions from scientists and governments. Many researches have been conducted and several regulations have been announced aiming at solving the problem. However, livestock farmers as one of the stakeholders in the management process are usually overlooked by the researches and regulations. Their adoption of techniques, and the drivers and barriers for them to use advanced techniques are unknown in China, which making the effectiveness of the regulations very limited. Therefore, the objectives of this PhD thesis include: i) to understand the adoption of manure management techniques and the drivers and barriers for those adoptions; ii) to estimate the impact of current management and explore options to mitigate the negative impacts. The work was mainly conducted with farm surveys and farmers’ interview on intensive dairy and poultry farms in Hebei and Shandong provinces, which were the major livestock production areas in China. With this survey data, in Chapter 2 the adoption rate of manure treatment techniques was analysed. Solid-liquid separation, anaerobic digestion, and composting were the only three techniques found in the survey. For dairy farms, 39% of the farms were equipped with solid-liquid separator, another 13% with anaerobic digestor and 6% with composting. However, most of the equipment were not used in practice and the actual operational rate was very low. For poultry farms there were almost no treatment at all. Interviews with farmers revealed that subjective norms from social referents, particularly from government agencies, were the main driver for the adoption of treatment techniques. However, the financial burden and technique failure hinder the adoption in practice. Even though Chinese government provided subsidies for the construction cost, the high operational cost and the bad manure market make the cost and the benefit unbalanced. Farmers therefore had low intentions to use these techniques. Chapter 3 focused on crude protein (CP) content in animals’ diet ration, because CP content determines nitrogen excretion in manure. When CP content exceed a certain level, animal productivity cannot increase further but N excretion in manure increases quickly. Therefore, low protein feeding is suggested by many researches as an effective method to reduce N excretion. Collected samples from mixed diet rations show that the mean CP content of animals’ diet ration was close to literature recommendations. However, there were large variations among farms, which indicates that there are still potentials to reduce CP content on some farms. Feeding companies actually defined the feed ingredients and nutritional values of animal diet rations. Farmers knew little about the importance of protein and the crude protein content of their animal rations. Speaking of low protein feeding, farmers were worried about the potential negative impacts on their production and financial risks. The results indicate that implementation of low protein feeding needs the active involvement of feeding companies, and more trainings are needed to help farmers understand feed protein better. In chapter 4 a model was developed to quantify the N and P flows based on mass balance approach. With the manure management information in each step collected from the farm survey, N and P flows in the management chain were quantified. On average 197 kg N and 30 kg P were excreted per cow per year (including young stock) and there was a substantial variation among the farms in NUE (53±20%) and PUE (84±22%) at farm level. Effects of management technologies varied greatly among farms; increases in farm-level NUE ranged from 0-53% and for PUE from 0-79%. Improving manure storage and treatment technologies and increasing manure export had relatively large effects on farm-level NUE and PUE and nutrient losses, while effects of low-protein feeding were limited. In chapter 5 the relationship between livestock density and soil P content was analysed at county and farm levels. Relationship between livestock density and soil P content was found to be insignificant at county level with the statistical data. However, at the farm level, livestock farms with cropland tended to have higher P content than crop farms without livestock in topsoil, mainly because that livestock farms with cropland tended to apply excessive amount of manure to cropland. The results indicate that manure was over applied from livestock farms but were not well utilized from crop farms. The results from this thesis point to the need for improved manure utilization in cropland, for developing a functioning ‘manure market’ with the involvement of middlemen, and for manure application limits for cropland on livestock farms. Hopefully, this thesis will contribute to improving manure management at farm level and to improving the sustainability of agriculture in practice.

Exploring The Potential Of Manure Management For Increasing Nutrient Circularity Of Intensive Dairy Farming Systems

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023

Exploring The Potential Of Manure Management For Increasing Nutrient Circularity Of Intensive Dairy Farming Systems written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.

Dairy farming systems have been rapidly intensified over the past several decades in many world regions. One of the primary challenges in these intensive dairy farming systems is managing manure in a way that benefits agricultural production while minimizing environmental impacts. To increase the understanding of losses of manure constituents during manure management, we first zoomed in on gaseous emissions (mainly NH3, CH4 and N2O) from different manure management facilities. By conducting systematic literature reviews, we found large variation in reported nutrient losses across publications, especially for NH3 and CH4 emissions. Manure characteristics and temperature were identified as the main factors influencing these gaseous emissions. Based on the database compiled from systematic literature reviews, we proposed a modular approach and developed a flexible modular manure management (FarmM3) model. With contrasting manure management scenarios, the FarmM3 model allowed to quantify the degradation and losses of different manure constituents (e.g., OM, C, N, P and K) from manure management chains with different complexity, and to identify the most important parameters determining these losses. For highly intensive confinement dairy farms, improving manure management alone may not be enough to reduce nutrient losses due to high nutrient surpluses within farms. Thus, we zoomed out from nutrient losses from manure management chains and further investigated the impacts of various manure management chains and integration of crop and dairy production on nutrient use efficiency and circularity at whole farm level, including different farm components, such as dairy, manure, soil and crop. To simulate this, a whole farm model (FarmDESIGN) extended with a manure management module (FarmM3) was used to an intensive mixed crop-dairy farm in China. We found that manure management chains could be designed effectively to reduce nitrogen volatilization and soil N losses while improving soil OM balance. However, individual manure management technologies were insufficient to reduce N losses due to compensatory losses. Instead, combinations of slurry solid-liquid separation, covered storage of solid and liquid fractions during storage, and improved manure application could remarkably reduce N losses at manure management. Overall, we concluded that, to move towards sustainable intensification of dairy production, increasing nutrient circularity by improving manure management with multiple mitigation measures and integrating crop and dairy production within farm or between farms are essential. Policy support and improved communication of manure treatment technologies can facilitate adoption of improved manure management practices. Additionally, recoupling crop and dairy production beyond the farm scale is necessary for intensive dairy farms with limited land availability, and participatory approaches can help design effective scenarios for crop-livestock integration at the local or regional level.

Improving Manure Management At Smallholder Dairy Farms In Indonesia

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021

Improving Manure Management At Smallholder Dairy Farms In Indonesia written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.

As a response to a high demand for milk and low national milk supply, the Indonesian government aims to increase national milk production by, among others, increasing the dairy cattle population. This will have consequences especially for manure production. Manure is an inevitable by-product of dairy production and has a number of benefits if it is appropriately managed, but can also cause environmental impacts when high manure production is followed by improper manure management. To avoid these adverse environmental impacts, manure needs to be managed appropriately. Smallholder dairy farms in Indonesia, however, are currently characterized by poor manure management, and with the expected increase in manure production, the importance of improving manure management is increasing. Improving manure management on smallholder farms involves many aspects, such as feed management, land for storing and applying manure, and costs associated with manure management. Knowledge about many of these aspects is lacking. The overall aim of the studies in this PhD thesis was to evaluate emissions to the environment associated with manure management and to identify improvement options on smallholder dairy farms in Indonesia. To this end, the studies in this PhD thesis analysed various aspect of manure management at different aggregation levels (i.e., the animal, farm, regional, and value chain level). At the animal level (Chapter 2), the models to accurately predict N-P excretion of dairy cows on smallholder farms in Indonesia based on readily available farm data were developed. The model predicted actual nutrient excretions with reasonable accuracy. The total N excretion of dairy cows in Indonesia was on average 197 g animal-1 d-1, whereas P excretion was on average 56 g animal-1 d-1. At the farm and regional level (Chapter 3), nutrient balances from dairy farming systems with different manure management systems (MMSs) were analyzed. Furthermore, nutrient balances from farm level were upscaled to regional level to determine the sector’s contribution to the pollution of the Citarum river and to identify potential options for improvement. Results showed that the N balances of all 30 dairy farms averaged 222 kg N farm-1 yr-1 and did not differ between MMSs. The P balances of the farms differed between MMSs; balances were highest for farms that discharge manure (83 kg P farm-1 yr-1) and lowest for farms that sell or export manure (-25 kg P farm-1 yr-1). Annually, all dairy farms in the Lembang region caused a loss of 1,061 tons of N and 290 tons of P into the environment and they extracted 8 tons of P from soils. At the farm and value chain level (Chapter 4 and 5), greenhouse gas emission (GHGE) at the value chain level by means of life cycle assessment (LCA) was estimated. Chapter 4 assessed seasonal differences in GHGE from Indonesian dairy farms by means of longitudinal observations and evaluated the implications of number of farm visits on the variance of the estimated GHGE per kg milk (GHGEI) for a single farm mean, and for the population mean. Results showed that GHGEI was higher in the rainy (1.32 kg CO2-eq kg-1 FPCM) than in the dry (0.91 kg CO2-eq kg-1 FPCM) season. The between farm variance was 0.025 kg CO2-eq kg-1 FPCM in both seasons. The within farm variance in the estimate for a single farm mean and the population mean decreased with an increase in number of farm visits. Variability in GHGEI can therefore be reduced by increasing the number of visits per farm. Forage cultivation was the main source of between farm variance, enteric fermentation the main source of within farm variance. Chapter 5 identified mitigation strategies of GHGE at smallholder dairy farms. The relationship between GHGEI and milk yield per cow for all farms was modelled and farms with an GHGEI below and above their predicted GHGEI were compared (‘low’ and ‘high’ GHGEI farms). Results showed that milk yield explained 57% of the variance in GHGEI among farms. Low GHGEI farms had fewer cows, and fed less rice straw, more cassava waste, and more compound concentrate feed (particularly the type of concentrates consisting largely of by-products from milling industries) than high GHGEI farms. In addition, low GHGEI farms discharged more manure, stored less solid manure, used less manure for anaerobic digestion followed by daily spreading, and applied less manure N on farmland than high GHGEI farms. At the farm and regional level (Chapter 6), the constraints on manure management on smallholder dairy farms and potential opportunities for improvement were identified. There are 20 constraints on manure management, of which availability of space to store manure on the farm, and costs of manure management are regarded most important. Stakeholders proposed strategies to improve manure management: communal manure storage (CMS), a structured manure market, and providing economic and institutional support such as access to credits and financial incentives for good manure management. The cost of manure management was high, and farms that sell or export manure, and farms that have a bio-digester had higher net total cost than farms that discharge manure. Total revenue (TR) differed between manure management systems and farms that apply manure had lower TR than farm that sell or export manure. All MMSs had negative net gross margins which could be explained by the high costs attributed to labour (i.e., family labour) and low revenue from manure. In Chapter 7, the methodological issues of the study, including the scope of the models and the method of data collection were discussed. Chapter 7 integrates the knowledge gained in the various studies and identifies a series of improvement options that connect the aggregation levels animal, farm, region, and value chain. It further suggests ways to create an enabling environment required to implement and effectuate the improvement options.

Manure Management

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Author : C. H. Burton
language : en
Publisher: Editions Quae
Release Date : 2003

Manure Management written by C. H. Burton and has been published by Editions Quae this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Farm manure categories.

Manure

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Author : Carmen S. Dellaguardia
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010

Manure written by Carmen S. Dellaguardia and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Farm manure categories.

Manure is organic matter used as organic fertiliser in agriculture. Manure contributes to the fertility of the soil by adding organic matter and nutrients, such as nitrogen that is trapped by bacteria in the soil. As the interest in organic farming and renewable energy production continues to grow, manure is playing an important role in the production of bioenergy, food, and other agricultural products. This book discusses varied topics on the management, uses and environmental impacts of manure, such as: the bioremediational technique of adding nitrite-oxidising bacteria for reducing N2O emission during swine manure composting; improving performance and manure management in the French pig sector; manure management in Africa; phosphorous forms in animal manure and the impact on soil P status; and others.

Guidelines For Sustainable Manure Management In Asian Livestock Production Systems

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Author : International Atomic Energy Agency
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008

Guidelines For Sustainable Manure Management In Asian Livestock Production Systems written by International Atomic Energy Agency and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Technology & Engineering categories.

This publication was produced under an IAEA Technical Cooperation Project and includes information about: trends in livestock production and animal manure management in Asia, a systems approach to sustainable manure management, production and composition of manure, manure management during housing and storage, processing and handling of manure to reduce pollution and improve nutrient utilization, and the field application and utilisation of manures. It also reports the main conclusions and recommendations from the experts' meeting. This publication is aimed at all levels of administrative and technical personnel involved in the management of manure in livestock systems and environmental sustainability in Asia, including ministries of agriculture, livestock and environment, directorates of livestock and veterinary services, local authorities responsible for livestock development services, faculties of agriculture and animal, plant and soil sciences, and institutes involved in environmental sustainability. It is also a useful resource for teachers and students in faculties of veterinary and animal sciences, and soil and plant sciences.

From Animals To Crops

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014

From Animals To Crops written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.

Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock

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Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
language : en
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
Release Date : 2013

Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and has been published by Food & Agriculture Org. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Greenhouse gas emissions by the livestock sector could be cut by as much as 30 percent through the wider use of existing best practices and technologies. FAO conducted a detailed analysis of GHG emissions at multiple stages of various livestock supply chains, including the production and transport of animal feed, on-farm energy use, emissions from animal digestion and manure decay, as well as the post-slaughter transport, refrigeration and packaging of animal products. This report represents the most comprehensive estimate made to-date of livestocks contribution to global warming as well as the sectors potential to help tackle the problem. This publication is aimed at professionals in food and agriculture as well as policy makers.

Manure Use For Fertilizer And For Energy

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Author : James M. MacDonald
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 2010

Manure Use For Fertilizer And For Energy written by James M. MacDonald and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Technology & Engineering categories.

About 5% of all U.S. cropland is currently fertilized with livestock manure. Expanded environmental regulation through nutrient management plans will likely lead to wider use of manure on cropland, at higher production costs, but with only modest impacts on commodity demand, or farm structure. While current use is limited, expanded gov¿t. support could lead to a substantial increase in manure use as a feedstock. However, current energy processes are unlikely to compete with fertilizer uses of manure, because they leave fertilizer nutrients as residues, in more marketable form, and because manure-to-energy projects will be most profitable in regions where raw manure is in excess supply, with the least value as fertilizer. Charts and tables.