Traffic Related Air Pollution And Exposure In Urbanized Areas
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Traffic Related Air Pollution And Exposure In Urbanized Areas
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Author : Bernard Połednik
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2021-11-25
Traffic Related Air Pollution And Exposure In Urbanized Areas written by Bernard Połednik and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-11-25 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Traffic-related pollutions, apart from the emissions from other anthropogenic sources, significantly decrease the air quality in cities. This is especially true in the case of the areas located in the vicinity of communication routes with high traffic intensity. In accordance with the epidemiological studies, the transport emissions affecting road users, both drivers and pedestrians, have a detrimental effect on health and may contribute to numerous serious illnesses. This work presents the characteristics of traffic-related pollution and the factors affecting its concentration in the air. The effects of exposure to traffic-related pollution on health are described as well. The transport emissions in Lublin, Poland, are discussed in detail. The results of previous studies on traffic-related environmental pollution are presented, including pollutant concentrations as well as exposures of drivers and pedestrians along one of the busiest roads. The studies account for different seasons and weather conditions. The methods of reducing traffic-related pollution and prospects for improving the urban air quality are described as well. This book is intended for academics, researchers, engineers and professionals involved in studies and assessment of the road transport impact on the environment.
Traffic Related Air Pollution
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Author : Haneen Khreis
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2020-08-20
Traffic Related Air Pollution written by Haneen Khreis and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-08-20 with Transportation categories.
Traffic-Related Air Pollution synthesizes and maps TRAP and its impact on human health at the individual and population level. The book analyzes mitigating standards and regulations with a focus on cities. It provides the methods and tools for assessing and quantifying the associated road traffic emissions, air pollution, exposure and population-based health impacts, while also illuminating the mechanisms underlying health impacts through clinical and toxicological research. Real-world implications are set alongside policy options, emerging technologies and best practices. Finally, the book recommends ways to influence discourse and policy to better account for the health impacts of TRAP and its societal costs. Overviews existing and emerging tools to assess TRAP’s public health impacts Examines TRAP’s health effects at the population level Explores the latest technologies and policies--alongside their potential effectiveness and adverse consequences--for mitigating TRAP Guides on how methods and tools can leverage teaching, practice and policymaking to ameliorate TRAP and its effects
Traffic Related Air Pollution
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Author : Health Effects Institute. Panel on the Health Effects of Traffic-Related Air Pollution
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Traffic Related Air Pollution written by Health Effects Institute. Panel on the Health Effects of Traffic-Related Air Pollution and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Air categories.
Health Effects Of Transport Related Air Pollution
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Author : Michal Krzyzanowski
language : en
Publisher: WHO Regional Office Europe
Release Date : 2005
Health Effects Of Transport Related Air Pollution written by Michal Krzyzanowski and has been published by WHO Regional Office Europe this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Business & Economics categories.
Diseases related to the air pollution caused by road transport affect tens of thousands of people in the WHO Europe region each year. This publication considers the policy challenges involved in the need to reduce the related risks to public health and the environment, whilst meeting socio-economic requirements for effective transport systems. It sets out a systematic review of the literature and a comprehensive evaluation of the health hazards of transport-related air pollution, including factors determining emissions, the contribution of traffic to pollution levels, human exposure and the results of epidemiological and toxicological studies to identify and measure the health effects, and suggestions for policy actions and further research.
Understanding The Linkages Between Urban Transportation Design And Population Exposure To Traffic Related Air Pollution
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Author : Sashikanth Gurram
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Understanding The Linkages Between Urban Transportation Design And Population Exposure To Traffic Related Air Pollution written by Sashikanth Gurram and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with Air categories.
Within this context, the overarching goal of this dissertation is to understand how the transportation infrastructure of cities can be designed for improved urban air quality and mitigation of population exposure to traffic pollution. The study area is Hillsborough County, Florida, a sprawling region with limited transit availability and a diverse population along with a mix of urban, suburban, and rural areas. The rank of the county for sprawl and congestion metrics (i.e., yearly delay and travel time index) fall in the mid-range in comparison with other US urban regions. Thus, the study area may be representative of other US urban regions with medium sprawl and above-average congestion levels. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx), a surrogate for traffic pollution, is the focus pollutant. The Health Effects Institutes report on traffic-related air pollution identifies NOx as a potential surrogate due to its relative ease of measurement and the abundance of epidemiologic studies that characterize exposures to NOx.
Investigating Population Exposure To Traffic Related Nitrogen Oxides Through The Development And Validation Of Air Pollution Surfaces
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Author : Maryam Shekarrizfard
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Investigating Population Exposure To Traffic Related Nitrogen Oxides Through The Development And Validation Of Air Pollution Surfaces written by Maryam Shekarrizfard and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
"Transport plays a crucial role in urban development by providing access to education, markets, employment, recreation, health care and other key services. In Canada, on-road traffic accounts for 19% of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions and in Montreal, Canada's second largest city, transportation accounts for 85% of NOx emissions. NOx concentrations are often used as a marker of road traffic emissions and NOx is always higher in the vicinity of roadways and lower further away. Exposure to traffic-related air pollution has been associated with various acute and chronic respiratory and cardiovascular effects and a number of studies have established positive associations between various cancers and exposure to NO2. Most of these assessments have relied on NO2 sampling rather than modelling. Certainly, measurements alone cannot be sufficient for exposure analysis in an urban environment. As a result, there is a need for analysis tools and models that can assist policy-makers in evaluating the impacts of transport policies on urban air quality and population exposure. This research starts with developing and validating an integrated transportation emission dispersion modelling system to be ultimately used as a tool for evaluating the potential air quality impacts of on-road transportation in the Montreal metropolitan area. We observed that simulated concentrations were reasonably correlated with the observed data when detailed meteorological and dispersion characteristics are accounted for. The second part of this research explores the possibility of using the transportation emission model, a component of the integrated modelling system, as a proxy to a land-use regression (LUR) model for deriving exposure. We noted similarities in the risks of breast and prostate cancer associated with NO2 derived from the LUR model and NOx derived from the emission model. In the third part of the research, since travel activity, land-use patterns, and the distribution of traffic often lead to inequities in the exposure to vehicle-related air pollutants, we investigated the inequity in the emissions of -and exposure to- traffic-related air pollution, based on LUR NO2 maps and mobility information. For this purpose, long term LUR NO2 maps are used to find the daily average NO2 concentration at the home location (static), and then compared to NO2 maps (dynamic) obtained from the integrated model. We also estimated exposures during travel to identify the contribution of travelling/commuting to daily exposure. The aim of this study is to understand how individuals' mode choices, trajectories, and activity locations affect their exposure to traffic related air pollution. In addition, the individual-level analysis allowed us to identify individuals who reduce and those who increase their exposure during their daily trajectories and activities compared to the air quality at their home location. Our results showed that individuals who live in densely populated areas may be exposed to higher concentrations while generating low levels of emissions throughout their daily travel. Furthermore, results of this study indicate that using an integrated model for the assessment of individual exposure offers the opportunity for detailed, dynamic analysis of exposure to air pollution. The findings are useful for planning applications by using the model system to evaluate the effects of various transport policy scenarios on air pollution and exposure. In the last part of this research, a unique application was developed that supports decision makers by providing information about the current and future states of air pollution as a result of transit investments. For this purpose, the year 2008 was chosen as the base year and a future horizon year was chosen (2031). The integrated modelling system was used to evaluate the impact of an extensive regional transit improvement strategy revealing reductions in NO2 concentrations and exposures." --
Assessment Of Intra Urban Traffic Related Air Pollution On Asthmatic Children S Exposure At Schools In The Paso Del Norte Region
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Author : Amit U. Raysoni
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Assessment Of Intra Urban Traffic Related Air Pollution On Asthmatic Children S Exposure At Schools In The Paso Del Norte Region written by Amit U. Raysoni and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Air categories.
Urban Traffic Pollution
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Author : Dietrich Schwela
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 1998-11-12
Urban Traffic Pollution written by Dietrich Schwela and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998-11-12 with Science categories.
Noise and air pollution from motor vehicles have a major impact on the physical and mental well-being of urban residents worldwide. Although control measures have already been implemented in most developed countries, noise and air pollution have only recently become major problems in many developing countries, as rapid industrial growth, population increase and improved living standards have led to an increase in car ownership. If control measures are not implemented swiftly in developing countries, the effects on public health will be extremely serious. This book, which has been prepared by WHO in collaboration with the Ecotoxicology Service of the Department of Public Health in Geneva, discusses global trends in noise and air pollution from motor vehicles, their effects on public health, and the control measures available. This book discusses: * global trends of motor vehicle air pollution * its effects on public health * the various control measures available
Urban Pollution
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Author : Susanne M. Charlesworth
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2018-10-19
Urban Pollution written by Susanne M. Charlesworth and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-10-19 with Science categories.
Multidisciplinary treatment of the urgent issues surrounding urban pollution worldwide Written by some of the top experts on the subject in the world, this book presents the diverse, complex and current themes of the urban pollution debate across the built environment, urban development and management continuum. It uniquely combines the science of urban pollution with associated policy that seeks to control it, and includes a comprehensive collection of international case studies showing the status of the problem worldwide. Urban Pollution: Science and Management is a multifaceted collection of chapters that address the contemporary concomitant issues of increasing urban living and associated issues with contamination by offering solutions specifically for the built environment. It covers: the impacts of urban pollution; historical urban pollution; evolution of air quality policy and management in urban areas; ground gases in urban environments; bioaccessibility of trace elements in urban environments; urban wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal; living green roofs; light pollution; river ecology; greywater recycling and reuse; containment of pollution from urban waste disposal sites; bioremediation in urban pollution mitigation; air quality monitoring; urban pollution in China and India; urban planning in sub–Saharan Africa and more. Deals with both the science and the relevant policy and management issues Examines the main sources of urban pollution Covers both first-world and developing world urban pollution issues Integrates the latest scientific research with practical case studies Deals with both legacy and emerging pollutants and their effects The integration of physical and environmental sciences, combined with social, economic and political sciences and the use of case studies makes Urban Pollution: Science and Management an incredibly useful resource for policy experts, scientists, engineers and those interested in the subject.
Integrated Human Exposure To Air Pollution
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Author : Nuno Canha
language : en
Publisher: MDPI
Release Date : 2021-08-31
Integrated Human Exposure To Air Pollution written by Nuno Canha and has been published by MDPI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-08-31 with Medical categories.
The book “Integrated human exposure to air pollution” aimed to increase knowledge about human exposure in different micro-environments, or when citizens are performing specific tasks, to demonstrate methodologies for the understanding of pollution sources and their impact on indoor and ambient air quality, and, ultimately, to identify the most effective mitigation measures to decrease human exposure and protect public health. Taking advantage of the latest available tools, such as internet of things (IoT), low-cost sensors and a wide access to online platforms and apps by the citizens, new methodologies and approaches can be implemented to understand which factors can influence human exposure to air pollution. This knowledge, when made available to the citizens, along with the awareness of the impact of air pollution on human life and earth systems, can empower them to act, individually or collectively, to promote behavioral changes aiming to reduce pollutants’ emissions. Overall, this book gathers fourteen innovative studies that provide new insights regarding these important topics within the scope of human exposure to air pollution. A total of five main areas were discussed and explored within this book and, hopefully, can contribute to the advance of knowledge in this field.