Tritium And Helium 3 In Metals
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Tritium And Helium 3 In Metals
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Author : Rainer Lässer
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-13
Tritium And Helium 3 In Metals written by Rainer Lässer and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-13 with Science categories.
Hydrogen can behave as an alkaline metal or a halogen and can react with nearly all elements of the periodic table. This explains the large number of metal hydrides. Since T. Graham's first observation of the absorption of hydrogen in palladium in 1866 the behaviour of hydrogen in metals has been studied very extensively. The interest was motivated by the possible application of metal-hydrogen systems in new technologies (e.g., moderator material in nuclear fission reactors, reversible storage material for thermal energy and large amounts of hydrogen) and by the fact that metal hydrides show very exciting physical properties (e.g., superconductivity, quantum diffusion, order-disorder transitions, phase diagrams, etc.). Many of these properties have been determined for the stable hydrogen isotopes Hand D in various metals. In comparison, very little is known about the behaviour of the ra dioactive isotope tritium in metals. This book is a first attempt to summarize part of the knowledge of tritium gained in the last few years. In addition to the task of presenting the properties of tritium in metals, I have tried to compare these data with those of protium and deuterium. Furthermore, helium-3 is connected inse parably with tritium via the tritium decay. Therefore one chapter of this book is solely devoted to the curious properties of helium in metals caused mainly by its negligible solubility.
The Production Of Tritium And Helium 3 By Proton Bombardment Of Metals
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Author : Roger Henry Ide
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1964
The Production Of Tritium And Helium 3 By Proton Bombardment Of Metals written by Roger Henry Ide and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1964 with Tritium categories.
The Production Of Tritium And Helium 3 By Proton Bombardment Of Metals Solar Origin Of Terrestial Tritium
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Author : Roger Henry Ide
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1964
The Production Of Tritium And Helium 3 By Proton Bombardment Of Metals Solar Origin Of Terrestial Tritium written by Roger Henry Ide and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1964 with categories.
Tritium Helium Effects In Metals
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1985
Tritium Helium Effects In Metals written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985 with categories.
Investigations of helium effects in metals at the Savannah River Laboratory have been carried out by introducing helium by radioactive decay of tritium. This process does not create concurrent radiation damage, such as accompanies ion implantation and (n, .cap alpha.) reactions. The process has its own peculiarities, however, which partially mask and interact with the helium effect of interest. The distribution and local concentration of helium and tritium, which are responsible for changes in mechanical properties and fracture mode, are controlled by the large difference in solubility and diffusivity between the two atoms and by their differing interaction energies with lattice defects, impurities, and internal boundaries. Furthermore, in all investigations with helium generated from tritium decay, some tritium and deuterium are always present. Consequently, property changes include tritium-helium interaction effects to some extent. Results of investigations with several austenitic stainless steels, Armco iron, and niobium single crystals illustrate the variety of phenomena and some of the complex interactions that can be encountered.
Helium And Hydrogen Isotope Adsorption And Separation In Metal Organic Frameworks
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Author : Ingrid Zaiser
language : en
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
Release Date : 2016-10-31
Helium And Hydrogen Isotope Adsorption And Separation In Metal Organic Frameworks written by Ingrid Zaiser and has been published by Cuvillier Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-10-31 with Science categories.
The separation of isotopes has always been a challenge because of their identical size, shape and thermodynamic properties. Nowadays, the extraction of deuterium is performed e.g. by the Girdler Sulfid process or cryogenic distillation, which lead to low separation factors (below 2.5) in combination with high energy costs. The standard way to produce helium-3 is to skim it as a byproduct of the radioactive tritium decay. In this thesis, two alternative approaches have been investigated for the separation of light isotopes, Quantum Sieving and Chemical Affinity Sieving . While Quantum Sieving is based on confinement in small pores, Chemical Affinity Sieving relies on strong adsorption sites. Both methods use the mass difference of the isotopes, which is related to their zero-point energy. The microporous metal-organic frameworks are excellent candidates for studying these quantum effects due to their well-defined pore structure and the possibility to introduce strong adsorption sites directly into the framework. The samples have been exposed to an isotope mixture and the adsorbed quantity of each isotope was detected by low-temperature thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The ratio of the desorbed amount of the isotopes leads directly to the selectivity (separation factor). The selectivity is determined as a function of exposure time and temperature and exhibits the highest value of 25 observed for hydrogen isotopes at temperatures well above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen.
Hydrogen Materials Science And Chemistry Of Metal Hydrides
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Author : Michael D. Hampton
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2002-08-31
Hydrogen Materials Science And Chemistry Of Metal Hydrides written by Michael D. Hampton and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-08-31 with Science categories.
The study of metal hydrides opens up promising avenues for the solution of world energy problems, as well as casting light on the interactions of hydrogen with materials, the role of hydrogen in materials science, and the chemistry of metal hydrides, all of which are discussed in this book in terms that range from a global look at the new vision of energy and how hydrogen fits into that future to reviews such as a look at nickel hydride over the last 40 years. Very specific current research in such areas as hydrogen in materials science discuss properties like superconductivity, diffusion EMF, magnetic properties, physicochemical properties, phase composition, and permeability. Hydrogen can also be used as a processing or alloying agent, and in the synthesis of battery electrodes, composite materials and alloys. The interaction of hydrogen with many metals, composites and alloys offers potential hydrogen storage systems. There is also a discussion of hydrogen sensors.
Tritium And Decay Helium Effects On The Fracture Toughness Properties Of Stainless Steel Weldments
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Tritium And Decay Helium Effects On The Fracture Toughness Properties Of Stainless Steel Weldments written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
J-Integral fracture toughness tests were conducted on tritium-exposed-and-aged Types 304L and 21-6-9 stainless steel weldments in order to measure the combined effects of tritium and its decay product, helium-3 on the fracture toughness properties. Initially, weldments have fracture toughness values about three times higher than base-metal values. Delta-ferrite phase in the weld microstructure improved toughness provided no tritium was present in the microstructure. After a tritium-exposure-and-aging treatment that resulted in (almost equal to)1400 atomic parts per million (appm) dissolved tritium, both weldments and base metals had their fracture toughness values reduced to about the same level. The tritium effect was greater in weldments (67 % reduction vs. 37% reduction) largely because the ductile discontinuous delta-ferrite interfaces were embrittled by tritium and decay helium. Fracture toughness values decreased for both base metals and weldments with increasing decay helium content in the range tested (50-200 appm).
Development And Numerical Implementation Of Tritium And Helium Transport Models In Liquid Metal Breeders For Nuclear Fusion Technology Applications
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Author : Jordi Fradera Fernández
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Development And Numerical Implementation Of Tritium And Helium Transport Models In Liquid Metal Breeders For Nuclear Fusion Technology Applications written by Jordi Fradera Fernández and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Effect Of Tritium And Decay Helium On Weldment Fracture Toughness
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Author : M. Morgan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Effect Of Tritium And Decay Helium On Weldment Fracture Toughness written by M. Morgan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
The fracture toughness data collected in this study are needed to assess the long-term effects of tritium and its decay product on tritium reservoirs. The results show that tritium and decay helium have negative effects on the fracture toughness properties of stainless steel and its weldments. The data and report from this study has been included in a material property database for use in tritium reservoir modeling efforts like the Technology Investment Program ''Lifecycle Engineering for Tritium Reservoirs''. A number of conclusions can be drawn from the data: (1) For unexposed Type 304L stainless steel, the fracture toughness of weldments was two to three times higher than the base metal toughness. (2) Tritium exposure lowered the fracture toughness properties of both base metals and weldments. This was characterized by lower J{sub Q} values and lower J-da curves. (3) Tritium-exposed-and-aged base metals and weldments had lower fracture toughness values than unexposed ones but still retained good toughness properties.
Fundamental Aspects Of Inert Gases In Solids
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Author : S.E. Donnelly
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2013-12-20
Fundamental Aspects Of Inert Gases In Solids written by S.E. Donnelly and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-12-20 with Science categories.
The NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Fundamental Aspects of Inert Gases in Solids, held at Bonas, France from 16-22 September 1990, was the fifth in a series of meetings that have been held in this topic area since 1979. The Consultants' Meeting in that year at Harwell on Rare Gas Behaviour in Metals and Ionic Solids was followed in 1982 by the Jiilich Inter national Symposium on Fundamental Aspects of Helium in Metals. Two smaller meetings have followed-a CECAM organised workshop on Helium Bubbles in Metals was held at Orsay, France in 1986 while in February 1989, a Topical Symposium on Noble Gases in Metals was held in Las Vegas as part of the large TMS/AIME Spring Meeting. As is well known, the dominating feature of inert gas atoms in most solids is their high heat of solution, leading in most situations to an essentially zero solubility and gas-atom precipita tion. In organising the workshop, one particular aim was to target the researchers in the field of inert-gas/solid interactions from three different areas--namely metals, tritides and nuclear fuels-in order to encourage and foster the cross-fertilisation of approaches and ideas. In these three material classes, the behaviour of inert gases in metals has probably been most studied, partly from technological considerations-the effects of helium production via (n, a) reac tions during neutron irradiation are of importance, particularly in a fusion reactor environ ment-and partly from a more fundamental viewpoint.
