Tritium Helium Effects In Metals
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Tritium Helium Effects In Metals
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1985
Tritium Helium Effects In Metals written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985 with categories.
Investigations of helium effects in metals at the Savannah River Laboratory have been carried out by introducing helium by radioactive decay of tritium. This process does not create concurrent radiation damage, such as accompanies ion implantation and (n, .cap alpha.) reactions. The process has its own peculiarities, however, which partially mask and interact with the helium effect of interest. The distribution and local concentration of helium and tritium, which are responsible for changes in mechanical properties and fracture mode, are controlled by the large difference in solubility and diffusivity between the two atoms and by their differing interaction energies with lattice defects, impurities, and internal boundaries. Furthermore, in all investigations with helium generated from tritium decay, some tritium and deuterium are always present. Consequently, property changes include tritium-helium interaction effects to some extent. Results of investigations with several austenitic stainless steels, Armco iron, and niobium single crystals illustrate the variety of phenomena and some of the complex interactions that can be encountered.
Tritium And Helium 3 In Metals
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Author : Rainer Lässer
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-13
Tritium And Helium 3 In Metals written by Rainer Lässer and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-13 with Science categories.
Hydrogen can behave as an alkaline metal or a halogen and can react with nearly all elements of the periodic table. This explains the large number of metal hydrides. Since T. Graham's first observation of the absorption of hydrogen in palladium in 1866 the behaviour of hydrogen in metals has been studied very extensively. The interest was motivated by the possible application of metal-hydrogen systems in new technologies (e.g., moderator material in nuclear fission reactors, reversible storage material for thermal energy and large amounts of hydrogen) and by the fact that metal hydrides show very exciting physical properties (e.g., superconductivity, quantum diffusion, order-disorder transitions, phase diagrams, etc.). Many of these properties have been determined for the stable hydrogen isotopes Hand D in various metals. In comparison, very little is known about the behaviour of the ra dioactive isotope tritium in metals. This book is a first attempt to summarize part of the knowledge of tritium gained in the last few years. In addition to the task of presenting the properties of tritium in metals, I have tried to compare these data with those of protium and deuterium. Furthermore, helium-3 is connected inse parably with tritium via the tritium decay. Therefore one chapter of this book is solely devoted to the curious properties of helium in metals caused mainly by its negligible solubility.
Tritium And Decay Helium Effects On The Fracture Toughness Properties Of Stainless Steel Weldments
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Tritium And Decay Helium Effects On The Fracture Toughness Properties Of Stainless Steel Weldments written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
J-Integral fracture toughness tests were conducted on tritium-exposed-and-aged Types 304L and 21-6-9 stainless steel weldments in order to measure the combined effects of tritium and its decay product, helium-3 on the fracture toughness properties. Initially, weldments have fracture toughness values about three times higher than base-metal values. Delta-ferrite phase in the weld microstructure improved toughness provided no tritium was present in the microstructure. After a tritium-exposure-and-aging treatment that resulted in (almost equal to)1400 atomic parts per million (appm) dissolved tritium, both weldments and base metals had their fracture toughness values reduced to about the same level. The tritium effect was greater in weldments (67 % reduction vs. 37% reduction) largely because the ductile discontinuous delta-ferrite interfaces were embrittled by tritium and decay helium. Fracture toughness values decreased for both base metals and weldments with increasing decay helium content in the range tested (50-200 appm).
Tritium And Decay Helium Effects On Cracking Thresholds And Velocities In Stainless Steel
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1999
Tritium And Decay Helium Effects On Cracking Thresholds And Velocities In Stainless Steel written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with categories.
In this study, crack initiation and propagation was studied in tritium-exposed Type 21-6-9 stainless steel. The goal of the study was to use a falling load technique to measure the threshold stress intensity for cracking and the crack growth rates as a function of helium concentration.
Effect Of Tritium And Decay Helium On Weldment Fracture Toughness
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Author : M. Morgan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Effect Of Tritium And Decay Helium On Weldment Fracture Toughness written by M. Morgan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
The fracture toughness data collected in this study are needed to assess the long-term effects of tritium and its decay product on tritium reservoirs. The results show that tritium and decay helium have negative effects on the fracture toughness properties of stainless steel and its weldments. The data and report from this study has been included in a material property database for use in tritium reservoir modeling efforts like the Technology Investment Program ''Lifecycle Engineering for Tritium Reservoirs''. A number of conclusions can be drawn from the data: (1) For unexposed Type 304L stainless steel, the fracture toughness of weldments was two to three times higher than the base metal toughness. (2) Tritium exposure lowered the fracture toughness properties of both base metals and weldments. This was characterized by lower J{sub Q} values and lower J-da curves. (3) Tritium-exposed-and-aged base metals and weldments had lower fracture toughness values than unexposed ones but still retained good toughness properties.
Effects Of Helium Implanted By Tritium Decay On The High Temperature Mechanical Properties Of Niobium
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1975
Effects Of Helium Implanted By Tritium Decay On The High Temperature Mechanical Properties Of Niobium written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1975 with categories.
The effects of helium on the high-temperature short-time tensile properties of commercial purity niobium are being determined as a first step toward attaining a better understanding of inert gas/metal matrix interactions on mechanical properties. The helium was implanted in the niobium through the use of the tritium transmutation to helium. Tritium diffused into the metal decayed to helium until the required helium concentration was reached. The tritium was then removed and the specimen tested. The tritium transmutation helium-charging method was used in this study as charging rates approaching two years of simulated fusion reactor exposure life per charging month can be achieved and the method yields uniform helium charging into standard mechanical property specimens. (auth).
Tritium And Decay Helium Effects On The Fracture Toughness Properties Of Types 316l 304l And 21cr 6ni 9mn Stainless Steels
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Tritium And Decay Helium Effects On The Fracture Toughness Properties Of Types 316l 304l And 21cr 6ni 9mn Stainless Steels written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with categories.
J-integral fracture mechanics techniques and electron microscopy observations were used to investigate the effects of tritium and its radioactive decay product, 3He, on Types 316L, 304L and 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn stainless steels. Tritium-exposed-and-aged steels had lower fracture-toughness values and shallower sloped crack-growth-resistance curves than unexposed steels. Both fracture-toughness parameters decreased with increasing concentrations of 3He. The fracture-toughness reductions were accompanied by a change in fracture mode from microvoid-nucleation-and-growth processes in control samples to grain-and-twin-boundary fracture in tritium-charged-and-aged samples. Type 316L stainless steel had the highest fracture-toughness values and Type 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn had the lowest. Samples containing 3He but degassed of tritium had fracture toughness properties that were similar to uncharged samples. The results indicate that helium bubbles enhance the embrittlement effects of hydrogen by affecting the deformation properties and by increasing localized hydrogen concentrations through trapping effects.
Radiation Damage In Materials
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Author : Yongqiang Wang
language : en
Publisher: MDPI
Release Date : 2020-12-28
Radiation Damage In Materials written by Yongqiang Wang and has been published by MDPI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-12-28 with Science categories.
The complexity of radiation damage effects in materials that are used in various irradiation environments stems from the fundamental particle–solid interactions and the subsequent damage recovery dynamics after the collision cascades, which involves multiple length and time scales. Adding to this complexity are the transmuted impurities that are unavoidable from accompanying nuclear processes. Helium is one such impurity that plays an important and unique role in controlling the microstructure and properties of materials used in fast fission reactors, plasma-facing and structural materials in fusion devices, spallation neutron target designs, actinides, tritium-containing materials, and nuclear waste. Their ultra-low solubility in virtually all solids forces He atoms to self-precipitate into small bubbles that become nucleation sites for further void growth under radiation-induced vacancy supersaturations, resulting in material swelling and high-temperature He embrittlement, as well as surface blistering under low-energy and high-flux He bombardment. This Special Issue, “Radiation Damage in Materials—Helium Effects”, contains review articles and full-length papers on new irradiation material research activities and novel material ideas using experimental and/or modeling approaches. These studies elucidate the interactions of helium with various extreme environments and tailored nanostructures, as well as their impact on microstructural evolution and material properties.
Tritium Storage Effects On La Ni Al Alloys
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1988
Tritium Storage Effects On La Ni Al Alloys written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1988 with categories.
The use of La-Ni-Al metal hydrides to process and store tritium presents unique problems to the handling of tritium. All hydrogen isotopes are ''trapped'' in La-Ni-Al alloys as a function of homogeneity and the degree of activation, or number of full cycles the material experiences before being exposed to tritium. To a lesser extent, the mole fraction of aluminum has an effect on the number of cycles needed for full activation. Data is presented which shows the effect of La-rich second phases on the retentium of protium, the x-ray diffraction line broadening as a function of number of cycles, and the observed ''heel'' in the alpha region of the isotherm due to Ni-Al second phases. There also appears to be an increase in solubility of tritium due to the lattice expansion on the metal.
Effects Of Tritium On Material Properties
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1985
Effects Of Tritium On Material Properties written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985 with categories.
The effecs of tritium on deformation and fracture of metals are reviewed with emphasis on similarities and differences between tritium and the other hydrogen isotopes. Helium generated by radioactive decay of tritium introduces time dependent property changes not observed with protium or deuterium. On-going studies and topics for further investigations are identified. 17 refs., 6 figs., 9 tabs.
